建立公平可持续的社会福利体系研究

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建立公平可持续的社会福利体系研究图书

An Analysis of the Equitable and Sustainable Welfare System

SSAPID：101-5620-3086-35

ISBN：978-7-5097-7860-9

DOI：

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关键词：

社会福利碎片化制度融合社会福利体系

[内容简介] 本书是由国务院发展研究中心社会发展研究部与联合国开发计划署中国代表处联合成立的课题组关于“建立统一的投资性福利体系，实现公平可持续发展”的政策咨询报告及相关背景报告的主要内容，分为三部分，即“建立公平可持续的社会福利体系研究”“欧洲社会福利体系演变：从有限覆盖的碎片化体系走向覆盖的一体化体系”“本着整合、协调和公平的社会保障体系发展的多样性：日本、韩国及中国台湾的经验”。

相关信息

                                丛书名：
                            
                                    作  者： 贡森  葛延风  王雄军                                 
                            
                                    编  辑：孙以年                                
                            
                                出版社：社会科学文献出版社
                            
                                    出版时间：
2015年10月                                
                            
                                语  种：中文
                            
                                中图分类：C91 社会学

总报告课题组人员名单

建立统一的投资性福利体系，实现公平可持续发展（序言）

总报告建立公平可持续的社会福利体系研究

一研究范围和主要概念

（一）社会福利的概念和范围

（二）福利制度整合性与碎片化的分析框架

1.埃纳尔等人提出的福利制度整合性/碎片化分析框架

2.以福利功能的整合性/碎片化为视角的分析框架

二社会福利体系碎片化和差异化的现状、成因和影响

（一）社会福利体系碎片化和差异化的现状

1.义务教育发展不平衡

（1）区域之间的义务教育发展不平衡

（2）区域内的基础教育资源分布也不平衡

2.医疗保障体系多元分割，既不公平也有损效率

3.养老保障制度体系比较混乱，待遇水平差距悬殊

4.社会救助体系制度分割和体系混乱

（二）福利体系碎片化和差异化形成原因和综合影响

1.福利体系碎片化和差异化的形成原因

（1）顺应经济发展和改革的基本逻辑，以及当前中国区域发展不平衡、人群差异大的特点

（2）适应福利体系发展的基本规律

（3）适应社会转型期“增量改革优先”的特点

（4）与财税管理体制及社会福利的发展模式有密切关系

2.福利体系的碎片化和差异化对经济社会发展产生多方面的不利影响

（1）影响福利体系的健康发展和功能的有效发挥

（2）导致劳动力市场分割和福利保障“逆向转移”

（3）不利于社会的和谐、改革推进和国家治理体系的构建

三促进社会福利体系整合与协调的国际经验和启示*

（一）福利体系的制度起点有较大差异，但从发展历程看，制度模式逐渐趋同与融合

（二）福利体系的整合是总体趋势，也是福利制度发展的普遍经验，但是整合的路径方式有较大差异

（三）普通教育制度整合和均衡发展的国际经验

1.日本、韩国促进义务教育均衡发展的经验

2.美国以“黑白合校”推进平等教育权的实现

（四）福利体系的整合与协调是大方向，但受到复杂因素的影响

四社会福利体系制度整合的总体进展和地方经验

（一）社会福利体系的发展理念和总体思路日渐清晰，推进制度整合和可持续建设成为基本共识

1.社会福利体系的发展理念日渐清晰

2.社会福利的制度框架基本形成

3.推进福利体系的制度整合和可持续建设，成为社会共识

（二）社会福利体系制度整合和可持续建设的创新和试点经验研究

1.促进义务教育制度整合与均衡发展的政策和经验

（1）公共财政对义务教育的保障水平提高，城乡教育均等化逐步改善

（2）农民工子女义务教育“两为主”政策基本确立，义务教育均等化持续推进

（3）优质高中配额到校政策全面推广，并取得较好效果

（4）均衡师资配置，促进教师流动

2.医疗保障制度整合和可持续建设的进展与经验

（1）机关事业单位公费医疗与城镇职工基本医疗保险的并轨衔接有序推动

（2）城乡居民基本医疗保险制度整合初见成效

（3）医疗保险的统筹层次逐渐提高，转移衔接机制初步建立

3.养老保险制度整合的总体进展和地方经验

（1）机关事业单位与城镇职工养老保险制度整合开始破局

（2）城乡居民基本养老实现制度统一

（3）基本养老保险部分实现省级统筹，转移衔接机制逐步建立

4.最低生活保障的有关政策进展与实践经验

五新形势下社会福利体系整合和可持续建设的新理念和总体思路

（一）社会福利体系建设的基本理念

1.保障国民基本权利，促进社会公平

2.促进经济参与、人力资本积累和提高生产力

3.促进现代国家构建，保障民族团结和国家繁荣

（二）社会福利体系建设的总体思路

1.社会福利的总体水平要适度，财政上具有可持续性

2.福利体系的制度设计要体现统一性、协调性

3.国家、市场、社会（包括公民个人和家庭等）的责任要合理分担

4.适应中国的国情特点和未来的社会挑战

六社会福利体系建设的总体方案与主要建议

（一）总体性的福利体系建设方案

1.优化财政支出结构，增加社会福利的财政支持力度

2.改革福利筹资体制，提高中央和省级政府的支出比重

3.建立基本公共服务包，保障底线公平

4.大力推行全国统一、资源整合、功能兼容的社会保障卡

（二）分领域的福利体系建设方案

1.推进义务教育均衡发展的政策方案

2.推进医疗保障制度整合和公平享受的政策方案

3.推进养老保险制度整合和公平享受的政策方案

4.推进社会救助体系的制度整合和平等保障的政策方案

结语

附表

参考文献

第一分报告欧洲社会福利体系演变：从有限覆盖的碎片化体系走向广覆盖的一体化体系

前言

一趋势

（一）定义

（二）以协调或统一形式进行欧盟层面一体化

（三）走向更加一体化的国民体系发展趋势

1.养老金体系

2.其他现金福利体系

3.免费或补贴的医疗服务

保障的两条道路，分别实现全覆盖的体系

4.社会服务（照顾老人、残疾人、学龄前儿童等）

（四）小结

二解释

（一）远因因素

1.工业化和伴随的城镇化

2.传统风险抵御制度的弱化

3.福利需求对GDP增长和收入的弹性大于1

4.私人保险市场的市场缺陷

5.更强大的国家和日益货币化的经济

6.人口结构转型

7.去工业化：转向服务经济

8.第二次人口结构转型

（二）中因因素

1.政治精英们之间的共识——尤其是关于国家整合

2.竞争选票

3.第二次世界大战留下的长久阴影

4.经济衰退的影响

5.已经建成的社会福利体系的影响

6.国家的结构

7.超国家组织的影响

8.思想和政策学习的国际传播

9.全球竞争加剧

（三）近因因素

1.政治精英之间的策略运作

2.核心政治人物的性格

3.巧合

（四）小结

三影响

（一）收入平等

（二）联合体系中收入更平等

（三）国家整合

1.政治整合

2.社会整合和社会投资

（四）区域平等

（五）公平

（六）小结

四政策教训

（一）碎片化福利体系的效率问题

（二）体系整合和国家整合

（三）平等和公平问题

（四）不同社会福利体系之间的平衡

（五）小结

附表

参考文献

第二分报告东亚地区发达经济体建立整合、协调和公平的社会保障体系的多样性：日本、韩国及中国台湾的经验

前言

一碎片化和制度性互补

（一）福利供给体系的碎片化

（二）协调措施和制度互补

（三）基本服务和转移收入：健康、教育、养老和社会救助

1.初级卫生保健和医疗保险

2.义务教育

3.社会救助和基本养老保险

二案例研究：日本、韩国和中国台湾

（一）日本的社保体系

1.初级卫生保健和医疗保险

2.义务教育

3.社会救助和养老保险

（二）韩国的社保体系

1.初级卫生保健和医疗保险

2.义务教育*

3.社会救助和基本养老保险

（三）中国台湾的社保体系

1.初级卫生保健和医疗保险——逐渐拓展的过程

2.义务教育

3.社会救助和基本养老保险

结语

附表

参考文献

着力保障和改善民生，促进社会公平正义，推动社会经济协调发展，可能是当前及今后一个时期我们国家的首要任务。基于这一认识，国务院发展研究中心社会发展研究部与联合国开发计划署驻华代表处联合成立了课题组，对我国福利体系的制度整合和可持续发展开展了进一步研究。课题组提出了“建设投资性福利体系，促进公平可持续发展”的政策思路和相关改革建议。本书汇总了课题组的政策咨询报告及相关背景报告的主要内容。全书分三个部分，分别是总报告“建立公平可持续的社会福利体系研究”、第一分报告“欧洲社会福利体系演变：从有限覆盖的碎片化体系走向广覆盖的一体化体系”和第二分报告“东亚地区发达经济体建立整合、协调和公平的社会保障体系的多样性：日本、韩国及中国台湾的经验”。本书的出版，将有助于开展更为深入的专业思考和更为广泛的社会讨论。

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