篇章数

9

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参考文献

249

劳动迁移与农民工回流动态决策机制研究图书

Rural Migrant Workers

SSAPID:101-3021-9610-30
ISBN:978-7-5097-9917-8
DOI:
ISSN:

[内容简介] 本书在新迁移经济学理论的分析框架下,以家庭劳动力最优配置决策与家庭资金最优配置决策为核心,探讨农民工迁移与回流的动态决策及其影响效应,重点对农民工迁移模式的动态决定、农民工收入与城市消费行为、汇款与农民工回流、农民工家乡住房投资行为、迁移与农户发展、回流职业选择与创业等几个问题进行探讨,最后构建农民工城乡迁移政策的联动机制,为统筹农村劳动力城乡配置和劳务输出地与劳务输入地经济协调发展提供政策建议。

相关信息

丛书名:
作 者: 明娟 王子成
编 辑:陈晴钰
出版社:社会科学文献出版社
出版时间: 2017年02月
语 种:中文
中图分类:C91 社会学

 图表目录

 摘要

 文前辅文

 第一章 绪论

  第一节 问题的提出

  第二节 研究目标与研究内容

  第三节 研究方法及技术路线

   (一)研究方法

   (二)技术路线

  第四节 创新及不足

 第二章 劳动力迁移决策及其影响效应研究:新迁移经济学视角*

  第一节 劳动力迁移理论争论与发展

   (一)劳动力迁移:乐观还是悲观

   (二)劳动力迁移理论新发展:新迁移经济学

  第二节 劳动力迁移决定与影响效应:基于新迁移经济学的实证检验

   (一)循环迁移的决定机制分析:新迁移经济学视角

   (二)劳动力迁移与输出地发展:微观家庭层面的证据

    1.迁移与农户农业生产

    2.迁移与农户家庭收入

    3.迁移与农户家庭投资消费

    4.劳动力外出与农户经济活动:基于中国数据的实证研究进展

  第三节 劳动迁移与农民工回流动态决策机制:研究评述与实证方向

 第三章 农民工迁移模式的动态选择*

  第一节 农民工迁移模式现状

  第二节 方法与数据

   (一)估计方法

   (二)数据说明与统计描述

    (1)留守劳动力与外出劳动力的特征比较

    (2)回流农民工与留城农民工的特征比较

    (3)再迁移农民工与留乡发展农民工的特征比较

  第三节 实证估计结果

  第四节 结论与局限

 第四章 工资收入与农民工家庭城市消费行为研究

  第一节 人力资本积累、搜寻渠道与农民工工资水平*

   (一)农民工工资决定因素研究述评

   (二)数据来源与变量特征描述

   (三)农民工工资影响因素分析

    1.人力资本与农民工工资

    2.搜寻途径与农民工工资

    3.社会保险、工作满意度与农民工工资

  第二节 跳槽能提升新生代农民工工资水平吗?*

   (一)农民工就业流动现状

   (二)数据来源与变量特征描述

    1.新生代农民工工资水平

    2.新生代农民工人力资本特征

    3.新生代农民工工作搜寻方式

    4.新生代农民工跳槽情况

   (三)跳槽对新生代农民工工资的影响分析

    1.跳槽与新生代农民工工资

    2.人力资本与新生代农民工工资

    3.搜寻途径与新生代农民工工资

    4.签订书面劳动合同与新生代农民工工资

    5.结论与建议

  第三节 消费异质性:基于农民工家庭与城镇住户的比较*

   (一)移民消费差异研究现状

   (二)数据说明与计量模型

   (三)实证检验结果与分析

    1.农民工与城镇住户消费行为比较

    2.农民工家庭与城镇住户消费差异Oaxaca-Blinder分解

    3.农民工家庭与城镇住户消费结构比较

   (四)政策含义

 第五章 农民工汇款行为研究

  第一节 回流意愿、居留时间与农民工汇款——基于广东用工企业的调查*

   (一)移民汇款研究述评

   (二)研究方法与变量选择

   (三)农民工汇款数量的影响因素分析

    1.回流意愿与农民工汇款

    2.居留时间、迁移距离与农民工汇款

    3.工资、当地生活成本与农民工汇款

    4.农民工个人特征与汇款

    5.农民工社会保险与汇款

   (四)结论与讨论

  第二节 夫妻外出、子女教育与农民工汇款——基于北京、天津、上海、广州的调查*

   (一)数据来源及样本数据特征

    1.数据来源

    2.变量和数据描述

   (二)外出农民工汇款动机及其影响因素实证分析

    1.估计方法

    2.估计结果

     (1)个人特征与外出农民工汇款

     (2)家庭特征与外出农民工汇款

     (3)务工特征与外出农民工汇款

   (三)结论与启示

 第六章 农民工家乡住房投资行为研究*

  第一节 农民工住房现状

  第二节 文献综述与研究假设

   (一)文献综述

   (二)实证检验假设

  第三节 数据来源与描述性统计

   (一)数据来源

   (二)描述性统计

    1.调查样本农民工概况与基本特征

    2.农民工家乡住房投资情况

  第四节 实证估计结果

   (一)农民工家乡住房投资决策

   (二)住房投资事件史分析

   (三)住房投资、回流意愿与农民工汇款

  第五节 结论与建议

 第七章 农民工外出与农户发展

  第一节 劳动力外出与农户生产率*

   (一)农民工外出与农户生产率研究现状

   (二)数据与估计方法

    1.数据来源

    2.估计方法与变量设置

    3.模型假定

   (三)估计结果

    1.估计结果

    2.稳健性检验

   (四)结论与政策启示

    1.结果讨论

    2.政策启示

  第二节 农民工流动模式与农户生产经营活动:迁移异质性视角*

   (一)农民工流动模式变化

   (二)迁移与输出地经济发展研究述评

   (三)估计方法与数据

    1.估计方法

    2.数据说明与统计描述

   (四)实证估计结果

    1.农户家庭迁移总人数与农户生产经营活动收入

    2.常年在外、循环流动与农户生产经营活动

    3.跨省流动、省内流动与农户生产经营活动

   (五)结论与政策含义

  第三节 农村劳动力外出与农户支出结构*

   (一)估计方法与数据说明

    1.估计方法

    2.数据来源与变量描述

   (二)实证估计结果

    1.农户迁移模式的决定

    2.农户家庭支出结构估计

   (三)结论与启示

 第八章 农民工回流职业选择与创业行为研究

  第一节 农民工回流动因及关键影响因素研究——基于安徽太和、宿松的调查分析

   (一)回流农民工特征分析

   (二)农民工回流的动因分析

  第二节 回流农民工职业选择研究*

   (一)数据来源及说明

   (二)计量模型和识别策略

   (三)估计结果

   (四)结论与讨论

  第三节 县域经济发展与农民工返乡创业——以安徽无为为例

   (一)农民工返乡创业特征

   (二)返乡创业者成为无为县域经济发展的主力军

   (三)无为引导农民工返乡创业的举措

   (四)农民工返乡创业存在的问题

 第九章 农民工城乡迁移政策的联动机制设计

  第一节 研究结论

  第二节 农民工城乡迁移政策的联动机制设计

   (一)稳步推进户籍制度改革,创新流动人口管理,解决农业转移人口市民化准入机制问题

   (二)以公共服务均等化为重点,解决农民工公共资源共享机制问题

   (三)以实现稳定就业、提升就业质量为基础,解决农业迁移人口市民化的内生动力问题

   (四)加大农民工人力资本开发的投入,通过提升农民工技能水平来提高农民工就业创业能力,培育新型产业工人,解决劳动力技能结构与产业发展不匹配问题

   (五)以农村土地管理制度改革为突破口,推进农民财产权利市场化和城乡要素平等交换,解决城镇化中土地资源紧缺与农民工住房瓶颈问题

   (六)以新农村建设为契机,增强政府对农业和农村投入,形成劳动力需求经济拉力,解决农村劳动力流失与农村经济持续发展问题

 后记

20世纪90年代以来,农村劳动力大规模从中西部地区向沿海发达城市流动,成为推动中国经济发展的新兴力量。根据国家统计局的抽样调查结果,2013年全国农民工总量达到26894万人,农民工已成为推进工业化和城市化进程不可或缺的重要力量。不过,受制于户籍等约束,农民工很难在城市安家定居,也难以与城市居民享有同等的养老、教育、医疗等基本保障,形成了独特的往返于城乡之间的循环流动模式。这种模式具有明显的暂迁特性:有流动无迁移或迁移很少,且外出、回流和留城过程分割,这也使得农民工把外出视为一种增加家庭收入的策略,更多地选择往返于城乡之间进行循环流动。不过,国内现有农民工问题的研究大多采用新古典分析框架,以迁移个体的效用最大化为假设,从劳动力供需差异特别是工资差异方面探讨迁移动因及其影响效应,而没有考虑家庭在迁移决策中的作用,也无法解释以家庭收益为目标的暂时性迁移行为。以Stark(1991)为代表的新迁移经济学理论(New Economics of Labor Migration,NELM),为此提供一个较好的分析视角:主张家庭而不是个体为劳动迁移的主要决策单元,劳动力迁移是在农村信贷、保险等市场缺失或无效率的情况下,农户实现收入来源多元化的主要工具,而家庭成员的迁移行为取决于家庭预期收入和预期风险。新迁移经济学在诠释暂时性迁移行为特别是劳动力外出、回流等动态方面具有较强的适用性,如从家庭联合决策入手探讨迁移动因,以汇款为轴心研究迁移的影响效应等。因此,在新迁移经济学的框架下,探讨农民工迁移与回流动态决策机制及其影响效应,从理论和实证两方面探讨农村劳动力外出、回流与城乡经济发展的互动机理,无疑在理论上具有一定的创新性和突破性。本研究试图在新迁移经济学的分析框架下,利用实证计量方法,以家庭劳动力最优配置决策与家庭资金最优配置决策为核心,探讨农民工迁移与回流的动态决策及其影响效应,重点对农民工迁移模式的动态决定、农民工收入与城市消费行为、汇款与农民工回流、农民工家乡住房投资行为、迁移与农户发展、回流职业选择与创业等几个问题进行探讨,最后构建农民工城乡迁移政策的联动机制,为统筹农村劳动力城乡配置和劳务输出地与劳务输入地经济协调发展提供政策建议。研究内容主要以家庭劳动力配置决策和家庭资金配置决策为核心,在七个方面展开研究,分别为:农民工迁移模式的动态决定机制;农民工工资收入决定与城市消费结构;汇款与农民工返乡;农民工家乡住房投资行为研究;农村劳动力外出与农户发展;农民工回流职业选择与创业行为研究;农民工城乡迁移政策的联动机制设计。研究的实证分析及结论主要体现在以下六个方面。第一,农民工迁移模式的动态选择及其决定因素。假定农民工外出就业依次经历外出、回流与再迁移三个次序决策,纠正选择性偏差后的估计发现:常年在外务工已经成为农民工迁移的主要模式之一,而回流是暂时性的,大部分回流农民工会选择再迁移,留乡发展的概率并不高;年龄、受教育程度、婚姻状况、家庭劳动力禀赋等对外出和回流决策均有显著影响,不过土地资源禀赋仅影响劳动力的外出决策;外出务工特征如外出持续时间等对回流和再迁移有显著影响,务工收入占家庭总收入的比重越高,再迁移的可能性也越高,而失败的回流者再迁移的可能性更低。第二,农民工工资决定与城市消费行为研究。在城市农民工劳动力市场,人力资本已成为决定农民工工资收入的关键影响因素,文化程度、技能水平、工作经验直接影响农民工工资水平。以亲友关系为基础的社会网络、中介与职介搜寻、工作满意度都无助于提升农民工工资。处于次要劳动力市场的新生代农民工,跳槽无助于提升他们的工资水平,特别是频繁跳槽,跳槽次数越多,工资反而显著降低。农民工家庭城市消费显著低于城镇住户,Oaxaca-Blinder分解进一步揭示,农民工家庭与城镇住户消费差异大部分是不可解释的,不可解释部分主要是户籍歧视。对农民工消费结构的分析发现,农民工家庭食品、医疗保健、教育文化支出比例显著低于城镇住户,家庭设备和交通通信支出比例显著高于城镇住户,不过在衣着支出上两者的差异并不显著。第三,农民工汇款的关键影响因素及汇款动机。迁移目标是农民工汇款量的核心决定因素,有回流意愿农民工的汇款明显高于没有回流意愿的农民工。有回流意愿农民工和无回流意愿农民工的汇款动机有较大差异,有回流意愿农民工汇款的利己动机更强,而无回流意愿农民工汇款更多地表现为利他主义动机以及部分偿贷动机。居留时间与农民工汇款量之间呈倒“U”形关系。在初期,农民工的汇款量会随着当地工作时间的增加而增加,当达到峰值后,当地工作时间再增加,农民工的汇款反而出现递减趋势,不支持“汇款衰退”假说。工资、当地生活成本是影响农民工汇款的关键因素。工资越高,农民工的汇款能力越强,对家乡的支持力度越大。但这种支持随着当地生活成本的上升,受到较大削弱。第四,农民工家乡住房投资。由于外出农民工的工资水平普遍偏低,大多数农民工在务工城市很难买得起房,大部分人会选择在家乡进行住房投资。成员权利、身份认同与留守家庭福利提升等是农民工家乡住房投资的主要原因,而农民工家乡住房投资与务工地就业状况、务工地生活成本显著相关,务工地就业状况越好,生活成本越高的农民工进行家乡住房投资的可能性越低。第五,农民工流动模式对中西部地区农户生产经营活动的影响。劳动力外出对农业生产和非农经营活动具有负面影响,不过对非农经营活动的影响并不显著。农民工流动模式不同,对农户生产经营活动产生的影响差异较大。具体来说:常年在外会带来较强的劳动力流失效应,对农业收入和非农经营活动的负面冲击都强于循环流动;跨省流动对农业生产的负面影响高于省内流动,不过,跨省流动对非农经营活动产生的负面效应小于省内流动带来的负面效应。迁移在家庭投资和消费中充当了比较复杂的角色,农村劳动力外出模式的差异造成了农户支出结构的差异,劳动力外出对农户家庭生产性支出有显著负效应。与无外出农户相比,常年外出农户其家庭生产性支出的边际份额会显著降低13.15%,而循环流动农户其家庭生产性支出份额会降低2.57%。相反,参与外出务工可以显著提升农户家庭消费性支出的边际份额,而常年外出对家庭消费性支出边际份额的影响更大。第六,农民工回流职业选择与创业行为。家庭原因,如照料父母、孩子等是农民工回流的主要动因,创业因素在回流决策中的作用并不显著。从回流者的职业选择来看,回流者从事工资性就业的概率远高于从事自雇用的概率,迁移经验对工资性就业活动有积极显著影响,但对自雇用活动可能有负面的影响。融资难等问题依然是阻碍农民工返乡创业的主要因素。在实证分析的基础上,本研究也提出如下对策建议:一是稳步推进户籍改革,创新流动人口管理,解决农业转移人口市民化准入机制问题;二是以公共服务均等化为重点,解决农民工公共资源共享机制问题;三是以实现稳定就业、提升就业质量为基础,解决农业迁移人口市民化的内生动力问题;四是加强农民工人力资本开发的投入,提高农民工就业创业能力,培育新型产业工人,解决劳动力技能结构与产业发展不匹配问题;五是以农村土地管理制度改革为突破口,推进农民财产权利市场化和城乡要素平等交换,解决城镇化中土地资源紧缺与农民工住房瓶颈问题;六是以新农村建设为契机,增强政府对农业和农村投入,形成劳动力需求经济拉力,解决农村劳动力流失与农村经济持续发展问题。在以上六个方面有针对性地提出了统筹城乡就业的政策联动机制。本研究的创新可能有三个方面:一是在研究视角上,考虑到农村劳动力流动的暂时性迁移特征,在新迁移经济学框架下,本研究分别利用个体、农户或者务工家庭层面的问卷调查数据和个案资料,诠释农民工迁移特别是暂时性迁移行为动态决策及其影响效应;二是在研究方法上,采用不同计量方法来矫正估计偏差和内生性,避免样本选择和内生性带来的估计偏差,同时利用案例分析来充实计量分析结果,有较强的稳健性;三是在数据采用上,笔者采用几套互补的调查数据来探讨问题,全国性调查数据与典型地区调查数据相结合,综合调查数据与专门调查数据相结合,使结论的代表性更强。本研究主要通过计量分析来探讨农民工迁移与回流动态决策及其影响效应,研究的不足可能有两个方面。一是文章主要从新迁移经济学视角来探讨问题,但是,尚未建立数理模型,通过生产函数、效用函数以及家庭劳动力供给函数等来具体推导家庭劳动力资源的配置方式、外出模式的最优选择,进而通过数值模拟得出家庭不同劳动力配置模式选择决定、务工收入在输入地和输出地的最优配置以及这些资源配置对农村农户生产的影响等。这需要在今后的研究中,强化数理模型构建以及数值模拟,从模型推导和数值模拟中提出更为严格的实证假定。二是关于计量方法方面,文章试图利用工具变量法等来解决内生性问题,但是我们的工具变量大多还是从村庄层面和家庭层面获取的,这些变量与结果变量始终还是在一个经济系统内,使得估计结果的说服力可能偏弱,而更好的工具变量需要从制度、历史、自然条件等非系统内寻找。这是一个有待进一步强化,同时又是一个非常难解决的问题。另外一个问题就是我们估计采用的数据基本都是截面数据,进一步的研究需要借助面板数据来完善。

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