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农业生物多样性可持续管理图书
Sourcebook on Sustainable Agrobiodiversity Management
[内容简介] 动聚焦生物多样性丰富程度的持续降低，探索其原因和影响，同时展示了生物多样性可持续利用的潜能。中国农业部、联合国发展计划署和德国技术合作公司于2010年9月共同举办了国际农业生物多样性研讨会。在此背景下，将所有专题文集编辑成册，希望能为科研机构、学校和咨询顾问提供相关背景知识、案例研究以及农业生物多样性的行动建议。
相关信息
缩略词汇表
前言
序言
Preface
Index
Abbreviations
Foreword
1.农业生物多样性基础理论
1.1 农业生物多样性——粮食安全之本
优化资源利用以生产更多的粮食
田地里和餐桌上的多样性——预防“隐性饥饿”的最佳途径
扩大收入来源，改善粮食获取
粮食援助和农业生物多样性
机遇和困难
●知识
●范围
●制度制订
1.2 女人、男人和农业生物多样性
保持生物多样性
●参与式育种
●种子库
●种子集市和牲畜市场
●家庭菜园
●传统食用和本土制作方法
责任重大，权利有限
妇女是成功的关键
1.3 与生物多样性保护和可持续利用相关的传统知识
《生物多样性公约》中的传统知识
GTZ对生物多样性保护与可持续利用相关的传统知识所做的贡献
必须采取的行动
1.4 农民作为育种者——参与式育种
种子——食物链中的首要因素
谁的话最有分量？
参与式育种——开拓新领域
有利于参与式育种发展的环境
参与式育种存在的障碍
重要步骤
充满希望的结果
1.5 农民作为种子的保管者——社区种子库
种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆
足以抗旱的供应
种满薯类的园子
富有成效的联系
兴趣增加，认识也随之增长
1.6 促进农业生物多样性管理的本地创新
作物驯化方面的本地创新
案例：尼泊尔：在农家园圃驯化植物
育种方面的本地创新
埃塞俄比亚案例：培育适合本地生长的大麦品种
集体力量推动本地创新
案例：安第斯山脉根茎作物的新用途和新市场
政策意义
发展合作的现实意义
1.7 家庭菜园——多样性的宝库
绝不做旁观者
多样性愈丰富收入愈高
菜园篱笆之外
一石二鸟
1.8 “未充分利用的”物种——大量潜在资源被浪费
统一化趋势
树立好榜样
本地品种如何增值：南非的恩古尼牛（Nguni cattle）
利用促进保护：萨尔瓦多的秘鲁香胶树
全球网络中心的创建
未充分利用物种能带来的价值
开发利用的瓶颈
促进利用的新战略
双赢解决方案是可行的
1.9 本土品种——为防止动物传染病并肩而战
全球化加速疾病传播
损失达数千亿
疾病控制：珍稀濒危品种的末路
用育种取代疫苗接种
疫病流行削弱消费者信心
将根除疾病和保护遗传资源结合起来
国际层面
国家层面
地区层面
1.10 不受欢迎的来客——外来入侵物种
外来入侵物种扩散的原因
生态和经济影响
遏制入侵物种
国家和国际管制框架
对技术合作的意义
1.11 农业生物多样性和气候变化之间复杂的关系
气候变化危及粮食安全
农业生物多样性是解决方案中不可缺少的部分
农业生物多样性有助于适应气候变化
农业生物多样性是农村发展的重要组成部分
1.12 生物多样性与农业集约化——农家品种如何发挥作用
农业集约化已取得的成就
本地农家品种是集约化的源泉
与农民合作育种效率更高
协同起作用
规模化必须克服的制约因素
1.13 农业基因工程：对生物多样性有何影响？
转基因作物：利还是弊？
分子生物学提供新视角
除草剂耐性对生物多样性具有一定影响
Bt技术是否对生物多样性具有积极影响？
种子行业的高度聚集对遗传多样性构成威胁
结论与前景
1.14 有关共存之思考——农田里的转基因作物
法规要求：
混合物临界值
最小距离与缓冲区
运输与储存
责任与监测
专利法
关于共存的经验
发展合作的关键挑战
2.农业生物多样性创造经济价值
2.1 公私合作伙伴关系与农业生物多样性
与企业界发展伙伴关系
私有企业及其在农业生物多样性利用上的潜力
新产品的研发
将农业生物多样性产品融入现有系列
消费者意识培养和信息传播
负责任的利用
获益分享
公平、平等的获益分享机制
农业生物多样性产品成功营销案例
印度：在保护区内建立小型本土企业
南非：农业产品钩果草
2.2 市场回潮——多样性展示和种子集市
农民越多，品种越多
在任何地方都屡试不爽
需要主动性
其他行动的序幕
社会性别
编目与监测
2.3 旅游业——保持和促进农业多样性
农业旅游促进农业多样性保护
塞尔维亚：作为旅游特色的瓦拉几亚羊和绵羊猪
厄瓜多尔：块茎作物，豆薯根和社区旅游
德国：方舟农场对稀有动物品种的保护
英国：农场公园是珍稀物种的避难所
农业生物多样性是旅游业成功的因素
旅游业有助于保护农业生物多样性和传统文化
2.4 价值链与生物多样性保护
价值链有助于制定规划
价值链的要素及其对多样化的影响
初始产品
生产者数量
购买者的市场力量
价值链长度
初始产品拥有的价值链数量
生物多样性产品具有何种特质？
哪些支持性措施特别适合生物多样性产品的市场开发？
对生物多样性产品的支持措施在减少贫困和改善营养方面的作用
●价值链中的权力分配
●参与价值链的机会
●受益者中的妇女比例
2.5 受保护名称创造价值与生物多样性保护
地理标志和农业生物多样性
墨西哥：拥有古老传统的梅斯卡尔龙舌兰酒
越南：Tam Xoan香米畅销全国
地理认证带来的好处和机遇
地理标记不会自动保护农业生物多样性
2.6 营销促进生物多样性——施瓦本地区本土猪种实例分析
施瓦本猪：历史悠久的古老品种
施瓦本猪的价值链
商标受保护
专业的市场营销策略
猪种保护的影响
发展合作的有利因素
2.7 营销促进生物多样性——厄瓜多尔纯味可可豆实例分析
品种和来源
传统价值链：从小农场主到巧克力工厂
可可豆的营销
加工和经销
加工商成为赢家
生产和销售的促进手段
新产品，高收入
保护农业生物多样性和热带雨林
减贫和物种保护相结合
2.8 何人得益于生物多样性利用：瓜拉尼族人的甜味剂和甜菊实例分析
种植与销售
叩响全球市场的大门
国际协定与惠益分享
国家制度依然缺失
保护甜菊和维护土著人的利益
3.农业生物多样性的管理
3.1 采取激励措施保护农业生物多样性
重新发现原有品种
多样性必须能带来收益
充满吸引力的竞争：种子和牲畜集市
相关联的部门也需要激励
规划成功的激励机制
●综合项目措施
●和农民建立密切合作关系
●集体合作
●简化投资渠道，明确各方角色
消除负面措施
3.2 粮食和农业植物遗传资源国际条约
条约概要：农民的权利和贡献
多边体系：有利于获取植物遗传资源
公平合理地分享获益
缺乏规范材料转让的协议条款依然不足
各国际农业研究中心的主要收集品
在国际发展合作的背景下采取行动
3.3 知识产权在农业领域的作用
农业领域运用知识产权的历史
保护知识产权——顾及发展中国家
知识产权、《生物多样性公约》和《粮食和农业植物遗传资源国际条约》
对生物多样性和粮食安全的影响
食物权：对知识产权管理的要求
发展合作概要与意义
3.4 农民的权利和农业生物多样性
国际上对农民权利的承诺
农民的权利是集体权利
关键点
农民的权利——与贫困的战斗
实践中农民的权利
发展合作工作的能做什么？
3.5 遗传资源——获取与公平惠益分享
《公约》范围内的遗传资源获取
GTZ所作的贡献
必须采取的行动
3.6 生物安全——《卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书》的执行
《卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书》
德国生物安全能力建设行动
GTZ为执行《卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书》所作的贡献
需要采取的行动
3.7 欧盟新食品法对发展中国家生物多样性产品贸易的影响
挑战
令人受挫的经历
改变现状
研发机构扮演的角色
1.Basics of agrobiodiversity
1.1 Agrobiodiversity-the key to food security
Producing more food through the optimal use of resources
Diversity on the field and on the table-the best means of preventing “hidden hunger”
Better access to food through new sources of income
Harmonizing food aid and agrobiodiversity
Obstacles and opportunities
1.2 Women，men and agrobiodiversity
Maintaining biodiversity
●Participatory breeding
●Seed banks
●Seed fairs and livestock markets
●Home gardens
●Traditional cooking and local recipes
Heavy responsibility，limited rights
Women are essential to success
1.3 Traditional knowledge relating to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity
Traditional knowledge in the Biodiversity Convention
Action required
1.4 Farmers as breeders-Participatory Plant Breeding
Seeds-the first element in the food chain
Whose word carries most weight？
Participatory Plant Breeding-breaking new grounds
Supporting contexts for PPB
Obstacles to PPB
Important steps
Promising results
1.5 Farmers as bankers-community seed banks
We reap what we sow
Sufficient supplies to withstand the drought
Gardens full of tubers
Fruitful contacts
As interest grows，so does knowledge
1.6 Promoting local innovation in managing agricultural biodiversity
Local innovation in domesticating plants
Example：Domesticating plants in homegardens in Nepal
Local innovation in breeding
Example：Developing site-appropriate barley varieties in Ethiopia
Local innovation in collective action
Example：Alternative uses and markets for Andean roots
Policy implications
Practical implications for development cooperation
1.7 Home gardens-treasure troves of diversity
Anything but wallflowers
Greater diversity-higher income
Beyond the garden fence
Further promotion measures include：
Two birds with one stone
1.8 “Underutilized” species-rich potential is being wasted
Trend towards uniformity
Setting a good example
Adding value to local breeds-Nguni cattle in Southern Africa
El Salvador’s balsam trees-conservation through use
Creation of a global hub
What underutilized species can offer
What are the limitations on use？
New strategies to promote use
Win-win solutions are possible
1.9 Landraces-allies in the fight against animal epidemics
Globalisation accelerates the spread of disease
Damage runs into the billions
Disease control-the end of the road for rare and threatened breeds
Breeding instead of vaccinating
Epidemics undermine consumer confidence
Combining disease eradication with the conservation of genetic resources
International level
National level
Regional level
1.10 Unwelcome guests-invasive alien species（IAS）
Causes of the spread of invasive alien species
Ecological and economic impact
Containing invasive species
National and international regulatory framework
Implications for technical cooperation
1.11 Agrobiodiversity and climate change-a complex relationship
Climate change-a threat to food security
Agrobiodiversity-an indispensable part of the solution
Agricultural diversity furthers adaptation to climate change
Agrobiodiversity is an integral part of rural development
1.12 Biodiversity and agricultural intensification-how farmers’ varieties can contribute
Intensification in agriculture-achievements so far
Local farmers’ varieties-a source for intensification
Breeding with farmers-faster and more efficient
Synergies of both innovations
Scaling up-constraints to overcome
1.13 Genetic engineering in agriculture：how does it impact on biodiversity？
Genetically modified cropsenrichment or contamination？
Molecular biology provides new insights
Herbicide tolerance is seen to have an effect on biodiversity
Does Bt-technology have a positive effect on biodiversity？
Concentration in the seed supply sector-a threat to genetic diversity
Conclusions and the way forward
1.14 A question of coexistence-genetically engineered crop plants in farmers’ fields
Statutory requirements
Threshold values for admixtures
Minimum distances and buffer zones
Transportation and storage
Liability and monitoring
Patent law
Experience with coexistence so far
Key challenges for development cooperation
2.Adding economic value to agrobiodiversity
2.1 Partnerships for agrobiodiversity
Development partnerships with industry
Private companies and their potential for using agrobiodiversity
Development of new products
Integration of agrobiodiversity products into existing ranges
Awareness-raising and information for consumers
Responsible use
Benefit sharing
Fair and equitable benefit sharing
Examples of successful marketing of agrobiodiversity products
India：Small local companies established in conservation area
South Africa：Devil’s claw from agricultural production
Further improvements needed
2.2 Markets make a come-back-diversity displays and seed fairs
The more farmers-the more varieties
Working successfully on every continent
Initiative is called for
Prelude to other activities
Gender
Inventories and monitoring
2.3 Maintaining and promoting agricultural diversity through tourism
Agrotourism for the conservation of agricultural diversity
Serbia：Wallachian sheep and woolly pig as tourist attractions
Ecuador：Ullucu tubers，jicama roots and community tourism
Germany：Ark Farms-a model for the conservation of rare breeds
Great Britain：Farm Parks as a refuge for rare breeds
Elements of successful touristic marketing of agricultural diversity
The contribution of tourism to the conservation of agriculturaldiversity and culture
2.4 Value chains and the conservation of biodiversity
Value chains are helpful for planning
The most important elements in a value chain and their impact on diversity
The original product
Number of producers
Market power of the buyers
Length
Number of parallel value chains for an original product
Which characteristics of biodiversity products make market access easier？
Which supporting measures are especially suitable for developing the market for biodiversity products？
What contribution can support measures for biodiversity products make towards reducing poverty and improving nutrition？
● The division of power（governance）within the value chain
● Opportunities for access to the value chain
● The proportion of women among the beneficiaries
Important parties involved in the sphere of marketing biodiversity products
2.5 Creating value from products with protected designations to conserve agricultural diversity
Geographical indications and agricultural diversity
France：Comté cheese from the Jura
Mexico：Mezcal-agave spirit with a long tradition
Vietnam：Tam Xoan rice-sought-after throughout the country
Advantages and opportunities of geographic certification
Geographic seals do not automatically protect agrobiodiversity
2.6 Utilising biodiversity through marketing-the case of the Schw?bisch H?llisches pig
The Schw?bisch-H?llisches Landschwein-an old pig breed rich in tradition
The value chain of the Schw?bisch-H?llisches Landschwein pig
Protected brand
Professional marketing strategy
Impacts of the preservation of the pig
Useful elements for development cooperation
2.7 Utilising biodiversity through marketing-the case of fine flavour cocoa from Ecuador
Varieties and origins
The traditional value chain-from small farmers to the chocolate factory
Marketing the raw cocoa
Processing and distribution
The winners are the processors
Measures for promoting production and marketing
New products and higher incomes
Conserving agrobiodiversity and the rainforest
Poverty reduction and species conservation go hand in hand
2.8 Utilising biodiversity-who benefits？The case of Stevia，the sweetener of the Guarani people
Cultivation and marketing
On the world market’s doorstep
International agreements and benefit sharing
No national regime in place yet
Conserving Stevia and safeguarding indigenous interests
3.Governance of agrobiodiversity
3.1 Incentive measures for the conservation of agrobiodiversity
Old varieties rediscovered
Diversity must provide benefits
Attractive competition-seed and livestock markets
The surrounding economy also needs incentives
Successful incentive systems can be planned
● Integrated project approach
● Effective working relationships with the farmers
● Group work
● Short funding paths and a clear role model
Eliminating negative incentives
3.2 International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
IT-summary Farmers’ Rights and contributions
Facilitated access to plant genetic resources：the multilateral system
Fair and equitable benefit sharing
Everything is in flux-provisions for a standard material transfer agreement are still lacking
The major collections held by the International Agricultural Research Centres
Need for action in the context of international development cooperation
3.3 The role of intellectual property rights in agriculture
Eighty years of intellectual property rights in agriculture
Protection of intellectual property rights for developing countries
Intellectual property rights，the CBD and the International Treaty
Effects on biodiversity and food security
The right to food：requirements upon intellectual property regulation
Summary and implications for development cooperation
3.4 Farmers’ Rights and agrobiodiversity
International commitment to Farmers’ Rights
Farmers’ Rights are collective rights
The key points
Farmers’ Rights in the fight against poverty
Farmers’ Rights in practice
A programme for development cooperation work
3.5 Genetic resources-access and equitable benefit sharing
Access to genetic resources within the CBD
The contribution of GTZ
Action required
3.6 Biosafety-the implementation of the Cartagena Protocol
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
The German Biosafety Capacity Building Initiative
GTZ’s contribution to implementation of the Cartagena Protocol
Action required
3.7 The EU Novel Foods Regulation-its impact on trade in biodiversity products from developing countries
The challenge
Discouraging experiences
Changing the current situation
Roles for the research and development community
更多信息请登录联合国粮农组织网站
国际自然保护联盟——外来入侵物种专家小组：
欧洲委员会（EC）2006年3月20日关于作为有保证的传统特产的农业产品和食品的第509/2006号条例。http：//eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2006/l_093/l_09320060331en00010011.pdf.
欧洲委员会（EC）2006年3月20日关于农业产品和食品的地理标志和原产地名称保护的第510/2006号条例。http：//eur-lex.europa.en/LexUriServ/site/en oj/2006/l_093/l_09320060331en00120025.pdf.
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生物贸易促进计划（Bio Trade Facilitation Programme-BTFP），2005（n.p.）：Diagnóstico del Cacao Sabor Arriba.Programa Nacional de Biocomercio Sostenible Ecuador.www.r0.unctad.org/biotrade/National/Ecuador/Ecuador-docs/Diagnostico_Cacao_Arriba_Ecuador.pdf
国际可可组织：www.icco.org
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粮农组织，2001：El Tratado Internacional Sobre Los Recursos Fitogeneticos para la Alimentación y la Agricultura.Rome，p.45.
www.cbd.int
www.stevia.uni-hohenheim.de/
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联合国大会，2007：《联合国土著人民权利宣言》www.eed.de/fix/files/doc/070919_UNDRIP.pdf
联合国大会，2009：食物权特别报告。食物权——种子政策与食物权：促进农业生物多样性与鼓励创新。www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/food/annual.htm
Further in-depth information is also available on the FAO（www.fao.org）and OIE（www.oie.int/eng）websites.
