篇章数

11

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参考文献

232

美国对外政策(第二版修订增补本)图书

La politique étrangère des Etats-Unis

SSAPID:101-7859-0101-60
ISBN:978-7-5097-1996-1
DOI:
ISSN:

[内容简介] 本书全景式地介绍了美国对外政策的形成机制。几位作者从美国宪法、行政体系研究出发,结合美国政治学和国际关系学的各种研究方法,对美国对外政策进行了深入透彻的剖析:他们不仅揭示了美国对外政策的基础,描述了美国对外政策的机制,而且详细介绍了各类主体及其各自在美国对外政策制定过程中所发挥的作用。在小布什总统的两届任期中,一方面,美国在对外政策中拒绝多边主义,另一方面,美国作为超级大国也显现出力不从心的疲态。

相关信息

丛书名:美国研究译丛
作 者: 钟震宇
编 辑:宋浩敏;纪金贤
出版社:社会科学文献出版社
出版时间: 2011年01月
语 种:中文
中图分类:D73/77 各国政治

 第一部分 制定对外政策的背景

  第一章 宪法框架

   制宪元勋们的遗产

    建立联邦的基础

     《独立宣言》

     《邦联条例》

    费城制宪会议上的妥协

     美国式联邦体制的建立

     分权体制的建立

   宪法中有关对外政策机制的规定

   宪法层面的论争

    制宪元勋们的争论

    国会的宪法权力主张

    总统至上论

  第二章 文化框架国民风格

   国民风格的基本要素

    历史要素

     原教旨主义

     个人主义

     历史自由主义

     摒弃历史

    政治要素

     孤立主义

     主权主义

   国民风格的深层动力

    天定命运

     民族中心主义

     文化孤立

     偏执狂风格

    技术思维

   国民风格的演变

  第三章 思想框架主要政治思想

   主要政治思想的历史

    汉密尔顿和杰斐逊之间的早期争论

    从华盛顿到杜鲁门,美国政治思想的演变

    沃尔特·拉塞尔·米德的历史分类

   当代重要思想

    孤立主义

     保守孤立主义

     自由孤立主义

    理想主义

     自由理想主义

     保守理想主义

    现实主义

     现实主义传统

     冷战中和冷战后的现实主义

    自由国际主义

     自由国际主义的发展

     自由国际主义的各种形式

  第四章 理论框架*

   主张控制国际体系的单边主义

    卡根和克里斯托尔*

    克劳萨莫

   主张领导国际体系的多边主义

    制度主义学派

     伊肯伯里

     约瑟夫·奈

    均势主义学派

     沃尔特

     沃尔弗斯

     扎卡利亚

     库普乾

    理想主义学派

     福尔克

     弗朗西斯·福山

     曼德尔鲍姆

   主张国际无为的最低限度主义

    主权主义学派

     拉布金

     诺德林格

    全球主义学派

     弗里德曼

     伯格斯腾

    反全球化的孤立主义

     乔姆斯基

 第二部分 处于对外政策核心的行政权力部门

  第五章 帝王总统

   总统的对外政策职权

    总统的正式权力

     三军总司令

     国家元首

     政府首脑

    战争权力法

     《战争权力法》的机制

     《战争权力法》效力的削弱

     总统动用军队的特别依据

    总统的非正式权力

     非正式权力的渊源

     非正式权力的实施

   总统在对外政策领域的决策方式

    总统的风格

     巴博的研究

     格林斯坦的研究

     达莱克的研究成果

     托马斯·普雷斯顿的分类

    管理体系

     竞争性管理体系

     形式性管理体系

     合议性管理体系

     权力集中、管理体系和决策过程

  第六章 对外政策的行政机构主体

   外交和国防的传统作用

    国务院

     国务院的权限

     国务院的结构

     国务院的衰落

    国防部

     国防部的创建

     国防部文职结构

     国防部军职结构

     国防部内部的机构竞争

   情报部门和国土安全部门作用的重新定位

    情报界

     国家情报工作总负责人

     情报机构

     中央情报局

     情报工作的不足

    国土安全部

     实质性的改革

     美中不足的改革

   传统部门的作用与日俱增

   行政部门间博弈对决策过程的影响

  第七章 国家安全委员会的影响力

   国家安全委员会的设立

    国家安全委员会成立的背景

     斗争的产物

     妥协的结果

    国安会的结构

     狭义上的国安会:决策论坛会议

     部际委员会

     国安会工作班子

   国安会的决策过程

    决策论坛会议正式程序的淡出

     非正式会议

     部际委员会

    决策过程的各个阶段

    国家安全顾问的核心作用

     日积月累的影响力

     总统的王牌

     必要的中立性

    国安会工作班子的影响力

     国安会工作班子的成长

     国安会工作班子的职能

   国安会在对外政策活动中的演变

    国安会的机制化

     国安会,杜鲁门时期的部门立场协调人

     国安会在决策过程中的作用在艾森豪威尔时期不断加强

    国安会的总统化

     肯尼迪的实质性改革

     约翰逊时期决策过程的集中化

    国安会的扩张

     尼克松和福特时期国安会的黄金时期

     卡特时期国安会的影响力和面临的竞争都在增加

     里根不介入式的决策风格带来的变数

    国安会的重新定位

     老布什时期内部协调的决策体系

     克林顿时期的有效调整

     小布什时期国安会作用减弱

 第三部分 立法机关与公民社会的作用

  第八章 国会

   国会的权力

    国会权力的历史沿革

     长期演变

     短期变化

    国会的隐性权力

    国会的对外政策权力

     宪法实践的演变

     国会的实际权力

    国会的立法权

     实体立法活动

     间接影响力

     程序立法

   国会的组织

    议员产生过程的影响

    党派结构对对外政策的影响

  第九章 公众舆论的作用

   美国舆论对世界的看法

    美国舆论的变化

     1990年代:孤立主义假象

     2001年“9·11”事件的冲击和神圣联盟现象

     “神圣联盟”的弱化和对外政策日益政治极化

    美国公众舆论的分野

     社会分野

     地区分野

     从地区分野到时间分野

   相互影响的三角关系:总统、舆论和媒体

    媒体对国际事务的不同报道方式

     对国际事务的全面报道

     对国际事务信息的不完整报道

    媒体在总统管理对外政策中的作用

     媒体的决定性作用

     总统对媒体的利用

    总统在战争时期对舆论的动员

     动员舆论的必要性

     动员舆论的工具

  第十章 有组织的市民社会

   市民社会的各种组织

    基金会

    非政府组织

    思想库

     从“没有学生的大学”到承担各种使命

     思想库的影响力

    游说集团

     经济压力集团

     族裔压力集团

    公民委员会

   特殊利益影响对外政策的手段

    选票的影响力

     对议员选举的影响力

     对总统大选的影响力

    金钱的影响力

    合同化游说的影响力

    组织内部协调一致的必要性

     内部协调一致的重要性

     联盟的决定性作用

     关于国家利益被分割的质疑

  结论 美国对外政策的延续与变革

   根据新战略环境作出调整

   战争中的国度

   布什政府在美国对外政策转型中的作用

 引言

美国的对外政策是多种机制、多方主体、多项因素共同作用下的产物。尽管美国总统代表所有美国人对外发出唯一的声音,但是美国对外政策的制定过程无疑是一个多方主体参与、经过充分辩论、领导者审慎决策的过程。美国并非铁板一块,只是辩论各方的意见最终都汇总到作为决策中枢的总统,由他加以对外表达罢了。本书全景式地介绍了美国对外政策的形成机制。几位作者从美国宪法、行政体系研究出发,结合美国政治学和国际关系学的各种研究方法,从制定原则、制定机制和制定主体等视角对美国对外政策进行了深入透彻的剖析。他们不仅揭示了美国对外政策的基础,描述了美国对外政策的机制,而且详细介绍了各类主体及它们在美国对外政策制定过程中所发挥的作用。几位作者提出在美国的国际承诺中存在某种锁定效应:一旦美国出现在某个地区,它就难以完全放弃它在那里的作用和责任,其对外政策倾向于承担更多的责任和实现更大的集中度。这种机制加强了美国在国际体系中的中心地位,也有助于美国形成某些持久的对外政策特点。同时美国的对外政策也体现出一些规律:内倾加稳定和外倾加扩张阶段的交替;权力总统化和国会与市民社会权力上升的交替;乐观干预主义和悲观保守主义的交替;偏好对抗和偏好和解的交替。

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