Editors and the Authors

 Preface

 Part I China’s Practice in Promoting International Rule of Law

  Chapter 1 Rule of Law and Relations among States

   Section One China and International Environmental Rule of Law*

    I China’s Contribution to International Environmental Legislation

     1. Promoting the Development of Basic Principles of International Environmental Law

     2. Promoting Development of Specific Areas of International Environmental Law

    II China’s Contribution to International Environmental Enforcement

     1. Promoting Domestic Implementation of International Legal Instruments

     2. Promoting International Environmental Cooperation and Implementation of International Legal Instruments

    III Suggestions for China’s Future Participation in International Environmental Rule of Law

     1. Suggestions for International Environmental Legislation

     2. Suggestions for International Environmental Enforcement

     3. Suggestions for International Environmental Justice

   Section Two China and International Rule of Law in Development*

    I Submission of China’s Position Paper on Post-2015 Development Agenda

    II Formulation of Sustainable Development Action Plan

    III Commemoration of 30th Anniversary of Adoption of the United Nations’ Declaration on the Right to Development

     1. Constitution and Laws

     2. National Development Strategies

     3. Effective Realization of Economic Development

     4. Advancing Political Development

     5. Promoting Cultural Progress

     6. Stimulating Social Development

     7. Accelerating Environmentally-Friendly Development

     8. Promoting Common Development

    IV Conclusion

   Section Three China and International Rule of Law in Air and Outer Space*

    I China’s Contribution to Air Law

     1. The Role of China in International Organizations

     2. Bilateral and Multilateral Aviation Cooperation

     3. Civil Aviation Legal System Construction

    II China’s Contribution to the Law of Outer Space

   Section Four China and Rule of Law in Cyberspace*

    I Overview

    II Development in 2016

     1. UNGGE

     2. AALCO’s Working Group of International Law in Cyberspace

     3. Wuzhen Summit of the World Internet Conference

     4. Summit of BRICS Leaders and the Goa Declaration

     5. Sino-US Group of Experts

    III Summary and Prospect

   Section Five China and International Human Rights Law*

    I Regarding Rights to Live and Development as the Primary Basic Human Rights

    II Promoting Communication and Cooperation of Human Rights Based on the Principle of Equality

    III Respecting Function and Implementation of International Human Rights Instruments

    IV Advancing Global Governance of Human Rights from Different Levels

     1. Initiating International Human Rights Dialogues with UN Bodies

     2. Engaging in Reviews and Consultations on Human Rights Issues

   Section Six China and International Humanitarian Law

    I Participating in Reviews and Consultations on International Humanitarian Law Issues

     1. Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict

     2. International Arms Control and Disarmament

      2.1 Prohibition or Restriction on the Use of Weapons

      2.2 Issues of Nuclear Disarmament and the Disarmament Mechanism

     3. Protection of Persons in the Event of Disasters

    II Promoting Domestic Dissemination of International Humanitarian Law and Implementing Humanitarian Assistance Comprehensively

     1. Domestic Dissemination

     2. International Humanitarian Assistance

   Section Seven China and International Criminal Law

    I Engaging in Institutional Construction of International Criminal Law

     1. International Criminal Court

     2. Ad hoc Tribunals and Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals

     3. Crime of Aggression

     4. Crime against Humanity

     5. Jus Cogens

     6. Immunity of State Officials from Foreign Criminal Jurisdiction

     7. Scope and Application of the Principle of Universal Jurisdiction

     8. Preventing and Countering Terrorism

    II Enhancing International Criminal Judicial Cooperation

   Section Eight China and International Rule of Law in Other Fields*

    I China and International Energy Law

     1. China Has Became the World’s Largest Importer of Crude Oil

     2. Official Establishment of Shanghai Petroleum and Natural Gas Exchange（SHPGX）

    II China，Law of the Sea and International Rules of Territory and Borders

     1. China and the Law of the Sea

      1.1 Commission on Limits of the Continental Shelf

      1.2 Conservation and Sustainable Use of the Biological Diversity beyond National Jurisdiction

      1.3 New Development of International Sea-Bed Area

      1.4 China’s Relevant Legislation

     2. China and International Rules of Territory and Borders

    III China and State Immunity

    IV China and International Legal Responsibility

    V China and Law of Nationality，Treatment of Aliens and Refugees

     1. China and Law of Nationality

     2. China and Treatment of Aliens

     3. China and Law of Refugee

    VI China and Law of Extradition and Asylum

     1. China and Law of Extradition

     2. China and Law of Asylum

    VII China and Law of Diplomatic Relations

  Chapter 2 Rule of Law and International Economic Relations

   Section One China and the Rule of Law in International Trade*

    I Introduction

    II Legislative Activities

     1. Trade Facilitation

     2. Economic Cooperation under the “Belt and Road” Initiative

     3. Initiative to Establish an Electronic World Trade Platform

    III Administrative Enforcement of Foreign Trade Laws and Regulations

     1. Trade Remedy Investigations

     2. Enforcement by Customs

     3. Protection of Intellectual Property Rights

     4. Enforcement of Anti-Monopoly Act

    IV Judicial Performance in Foreign Trade

     1. New Cases in 2016

      1.1 DS508：China—Export Duties on Certain Raw Materials（Complainant：United States）

      1.2 DS509：China—Duties and Other Measures Concerning the Exportation of Certain Raw Materials（Complainant：European Union）

      1.3 DS511：China—Domestic Support for Agricultural Producers（Complainant：United States）

      1.4 DS515：United States—Measures Related to Price Comparison Methodologies（Complainant：China）

      1.5 DS516：European Union—Measures Related to Price Comparison Methodologies（Complainant：China）

      1.6 DS517：China—Tariff Rate Quotas for Certain Agricultural Products（Complainant：United States）

     2. Development of Existing Cases

      2.1 DS427 China—Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duty Measures on Broiler Products from the United States

      2.2 DS437：United States—Countervailing Duty Measures on Certain Products from China

      2.3 DS454 & DS460：China—Measures Imposing Anti-Dumping Duties on High-Performance Stainless Steel Seamless Tubes（“HP-SSST”）

      2.4 DS471：United States—Certain Methodologies and their Application to Anti-Dumping Proceedings Involving China

      2.5 DS489：China—Measures Related to Demonstration Bases and Common Service Platforms Programmers

      2.6 DS397：European Communities—Definitive Anti-Dumping Measures on Certain Iron or Steel Fasteners from China

   Section Two China and International Taxation Law*

  Chapter 3 Rule of Law and International Civil and Commercial Affairs*

   I China and the Applicable Law

    1. Guiding Opinions on Dealing with Cases Relevant to the “Belt and Road” Initiative

    2. Applicable Law to Independent Guarantee Letters

   II China and International Civil Litigation

    1. International Civil Jurisdiction

    2. Special Provisions in Maritime Proceedings

    3. Other Special Provisions in Foreign-Related Civil Proceedings

    4. ADR Mechanisms

   III China and International Civil Judicial Assistance

    1. China and Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents

    2. China and Taking Evidence Abroad

    3. Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in China

    4. Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in China

   IV China and International Rule of Law in Food Security

    1. Improvement of Food Security Legal System

    2. Participation in Activities of FAO

    3. Engagement in Activities of WHO

    4. China and Codex Alimentarius Commission

    5. Engagement in Activities of ISO

   V China and Unification of Private International Law in 2016

    1. China and UNCITRAL

    2. China and UNIDROIT

  Chapter 4 Overseas Dissemination of China’s Position and Practice in International Law

   Section One Dissemination of China’s Perspectives on Public International Law*

    I Principles of Public International Law

     1. Declaration of the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the Promotion of International Law

     2. Activities of Chinese Academic Institutes and Scholars of International Law

      2.1 China Social Science Forum and 13th International Law Forum

      2.2 13th Annual Asian Law Institute Conference

      2.3 Regional Conference of Asia Society of International Law

      2.4 1st Sino-Finnish International Doctoral Symposium

      2.5 International Conference on “Global Communication of Chinese Theory and Practice of International Law”

      2.6 8th International Conference on “the New Haven School and Contemporary International Law”

      2.7 International Conference on “International Law and a Dynamic Asia”

    II Academic Activities on South China Sea Issue

     1. China-US Dialogue on South China Sea between Chinese and US Think Tanks（Washington）

     2. Public International Law Colloquium on Maritime Disputes Settlement（Hong Kong）

     3. International Think Tank Forum on South China Sea Issue and Regional Cooperation and Development（Singapore）

     4. Symposium on “South China Sea Dispute and International Law”（Guangzhou）

     5. China Law Society：Reports and Statements on South China Sea Arbitration

     6. Seminar on South China Sea Arbitration and International Rule of Law（Hague）

     7. International Symposium on “Application of Compulsory Arbitration in UNCLOS — Focusing on the South China Sea Arbitration”

     8. Symposium on South China Sea Arbitration

     9. Sino-European the Law of the Sea International Seminar

     10. 2016 International Symposium on Boundary and Ocean Studies

    III The “Belt and Road” Initiative

     1. International Symposium on “Sino-Europe Relations and the ‘Belt and Road’”

     2. The New Paradigm Road：Top International Symposium on the Impact of the ‘Belt and Road’ Initiative on China，Central Asia and the European Union

     3. International Conference on Synergizing China’s “Belt and Road” Initiative with ASEAN Community Development Strategies

     4. International Symposium on “Development of China and International Dispute Settlement Mechanism in the Context of the ‘Belt and Road’ Initiative”

     5. International Symposium on “Legal Dispute Settlement in the Promotion of the ‘Belt and Road’ Initiative”

     6. International Forum on Opportunities and Challenges of the “Belt and Road” Initiative and Forum for Communication between Top Think Tank Scholars from China and Central and Eastern Europe

     7. China-Egypt University Presidents Forum on the “‘Belt and Road’ and China-Egypt Cultural Exchanges”

    IV Climate Change

     1. International Conference on “Climate Change and Sustainable Development Goals”

     2. Forum on “South-South Cooperation and Climate Strategy”

    V Protection of Human Rights

     1. 2016 China-European Seminar on Human Rights

     2. Conference on International Cooperation in Human Rights and Chinese Perspective

     3. Civil Society 20 China 2016

     4. 16th Informal ASEM Seminar on Human Rights

     5. 3rd Roundtable on International Law and Protection of Individual Rights

     6. 4th Roundtable on Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes and Protection of Individual Rights

     7. 5th Cross-Cultural Seminar on Human Rights

    VI Cyber Space

     1. 2nd International Workshop on Cyber Security

     2. 55th Annual Session of the Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization

   Section Two International Dissemination of China’s International Economic Law*

    I China’s International Economic Law Scholars

     1. Tsinghua University

     2. University of International Business and Economics

     3. Xiamen University

     4. Southwest University of Political Science and Law

    II Forums

   Section Three Dissemination of China’s Perspectives on International Economic Law*

    I Conferences Convened by the China Society of Private International Law

    II Other Conferences

 Part II Peports on Special Topics

  Chapter 5 China and Community of Shared Future for Mankind*

   I Proposition and Connotations of a Community of Shared Future for Mankind

   II Origin of Concept of a Community of Shared Future for Mankind in Chinese Traditional Culture

   III Aims and Significance of a Community of Shared Future for Mankind

    1. Bringing Changes to International Order and International System

    2. Creating Good External Environment for Realizing Great Rejuvenation of the Chinese Nation

    3. Enhancing Communication and Awareness between China and Other Countries

   IV China’s Basic Standpoint and Policy Choice for Building a Community of Shared Future for Mankind

    1. Commitment to Uphold World Peace

    2. Active Promotion of Common Development of International Community

    3. Continuous Fostering of Partnerships

    4. Commitment to Multilateralism

   V China’s International Practices of a Community of Shared Future for Mankind

    1. Building Partnerships where Countries Treat Each Other as Equals，Engage in Mutual Consultation and Show Mutual Understanding

    2. Creating Secure Environment Featuring Fairness，Justice，Joint Participation and Shared Benefits

    3. Promoting Open，Innovative and Inclusive Development Benefiting All

    4. Increasing Inter-Civilization Exchanges to Promote Harmony，Inclusiveness and Respect for Differences

    5. Building Ecosystem that Prioritizes the Mother Nature and Green Development

   VI International Community’s Acceptance of the Concept

  Chapter 6 The “Belt and Road” Initiative and Enhancing International Credibility of Chinese Judiciary*

   I Fostering Judicial Ideology of a Major Country

    1. Equal Protection

    2. Win-Win Cooperation

    3. Opening-Up and Efficiency

   II Improving Judicial System

    1. Fully Guaranteeing Foreigners’ Litigation Rights

     2.1 Guarantee of Litigation Fees

     2.2 Judicial Succor and Litigation Fee Waivers

     2.3 Agent Ad Litem

    2. Properly Narrowing the Ambit of Exclusive Jurisdiction

    3. Properly Settling Parallel Proceedings

   III Innovating Judicial Methods

    1. Actively Applying Forum non Conveniens

    2. Actively Confirming Existence of Reciprocity

    3. Accurately Applying International Treaties and Customs

    4. Fully Utilizing Model Cases

   IV Promoting Inclusive Judicial Culture

    1. Promoting Diversified Dispute Resolution Mechanisms

    2. Ascertaining and Correctly Applying Foreign Law

   V Conclusion

  Chapter 7 Issues Relating to the Historic Rights in the South China Sea Arbitration：A Critique by International Law*

   I Argument of the Tribunal on Submissions Relating to Historic Rights

   II Identification of China’s Historic Rights Claims and Jurisdiction Issues

    1. The Tribunal Groundlessly Assumes the Nature of China’s Historic Rights Claims

    2. The Tribunal Errs in the Application of Art. 298 of the Convention

   III The Award on Interaction between Historic Rights and UNCLOS Is Contrary to General International Law Theory and International Practice

    1. The Tribunal Errs in Establishing Framework under the Art. 311

    2. The Tribunal Errs in Interpreting the Provisions of EEZ and Continental Shelf

    3. The Tribunal One-Sidedly Analyzes the International Jurisprudence Relating to the Convention and the Historic Rights

    4. The Tribunal’s Conclusion Leads to Unreasonable Results

   IV The Tribunal Distorts China’s Historic Rights in the South China Sea

   V Conclusion

  Chapter 8 Towards a Great Power of International Law in Cyberspace*

   I International Competition on Crafting Relevant International Rules Has Become a Focal Issue in Cyberspace

   II Building a Great Power of International Law in Cyberspace Is an Important Cornerstone for Building China into a Cyber Power

   III Opportunities and Challenges Faced by China in Building a Great Power of International Law in Cyberspace

    1. Opportunities

    2. Challenges

   IV Solutions for Building a Great Power of International Law in Cyberspace

    1. Improving China’s International Image in Cyber Realm

    2. Heightening Theoretical Research in the Field

    3. Playing a Leading Role through Practice

    4. Prioritizing Institutional Arrangement and Capacity Building

    5. Cultivating Talents Who Can Represent China in Future International Negotiations

  Chapter 9 Study on Expiration of Paragraph 15（a）（ii）of China’s Accession Protocol*

   I Genesis and Status Quo of China’s Market Economy Status Issue

    1. Genesis of the Issue

    2. Focuses of the Controversy

    3. Positions of China，the EU and the U.S.

     3.1 Position of Chinese Government

     3.2 Position of EU

     3.3 Position of the U.S.

     3.4 Position of Other WTO Members

    4. Practice of Other Members after the Expiration of Paragraph 15（a）（ii）of Accession Protocol

   II Legal Effects of Expiration of Paragraph 15（a）（ii）of China’s Accession ProtocolGlobe Trade and Customs Journal，Issue 1，2017.">*

    1. The MES and the NME Methodology Are Two Separate Issues

     1.1 Paragraph 15 Is to Solve the Difficulties of Cost and Price Comparability rather than Evaluate Whether China Is a Market Economy

     1.2 Difficulties in Comparability of the Price for Comparable Products in China May No Longer Exist

     1.3 Paragraph 15 Neither Recognizes China as Nor Presumes It to Be a Non-Market Economy Country

     1.4 Establishing the MES Is the Sufficient Instead of Necessary Condition for the Use of the Normal Methodology

     1.5 Market Economy Criteria of the EU and the U.S. and Their Practices Have Gone Too Far Beyond Necessary to Resolve the Price Comparability Difficulties

     2.1 Paragraph 15（a）（ii）Is the Only Trigger for the Application of the NME Methodology

     2.2 The Expiration of Subparagraph 15（a）（ii）Will Terminate the Use of the NME Methodology as well as Chinese Producers’ Burden of Proof

     2.3 The NME Methodology Cannot be Applied Based on the Remaining Subparagraph 15（a）（i）after 2016

     2.4 Supplementary Means of Interpretation Confirms the Conclusion that the NME Methodology Shall be Terminated after 2016

    3. Conclusion

   III Suggestions for the Chinese Government

    1. Surrogate Country Methodology Must Be Unconditionally and Absolutely Terminated

     1.1 Complaints under the WTO Dispute Settlement Is Unavoidable

     1.2 Other WTO Members Shall not Use Antidumping Measure to Remedy the Injury Caused by Non-Dumping Behavior

     1.3 The Chinese Government Should Seize the Price Comparability to Counter All Kinds of Disguised Surrogate Country Methodology

  Chapter 10 International Law and Practice Concerning Corruption and Pursuing Fugitives and Illegal Assets*

   I Introduction

   II Multilateral Conventions that China Acceded to

    1. United Nations Convention against Corruption

    2. United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime

   III Bilateral Treaties that China Concluded

    1. Bilateral Extradition Treaties

    2. Treaties on Transfer of Sentenced Persons

    3. Treaties on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters

   IV Chinese Government’s Practice

    1. Practice under Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation（APEC）

    2. G20

   V Conclusion