篇章数

66

引证文献

0 !

参考文献

38

中国人权年刊(第二卷 二00四)图书

Chinese yearbook of human rights

SSAPID:101-7179-8199-06
ISBN:7-80230-078-9
DOI:
ISSN:
关键词:

[内容简介] 本书集中展示了中国与欧洲学者对结社自由、少数人权利保护、非政府组织的能力建设及对人权的司法保障等人权问题的研究成果。

相关信息

丛书名:
作 者: 孙世彦
编 辑:张晓莉
出版社:社会科学文献出版社
出版时间: 2006年07月
语 种:英文
中图分类:E 军事

 中国人权年刊

 欢迎光临社会科学文献出版社网站

 EU-China Human Rights Network:Background Note

 Introduction

 第一部分 结社自由

  研讨会概要

   序言

   导论

   一 市民社会与市场经济

   二 市民社会团体的作用和功能

   三 与非政府组织的运转和发展相关的法律问题

   四 权利保护组织与结社自由

   五 工会的作用和功能

   六 政治和宗教团体

   中方参会代表参观一个爱尔兰工会

   结语

  市民社会与结社自由的若干问题

   一 关于市民社会的概念

   二 中国历史上的结社与社会发展

   三 结社自由作为一项权利的确认

   四 中国结社自由保障的现状

   五 完善中国结社自由法律保障的思考

  人权非政府组织在促进国际人权法中的作用之评析

   引言

   一 非政府组织的定义(及类型)

    (一)定义

    (二)非政府组织的类型

   二 非政府组织在促进人权方面的作用

    (一)非政府组织工作的层次

    (二)当前非政府组织在联合国条约监督体系中的作用

     1.个人申诉

     2.成员国报告

     3.非政府组织参加日内瓦和纽约的活动

   三 批评:非政府组织工作的分析

    (一)概念困难

    (二)策略困难

  中国妇女非政府组织评述

   一 中国妇女非政府组织的界定

   二 当代妇女NGO形成与发展的背景

    (一)体制基础

    (二)妇女主体意识基础

    (三)政策和法律基础

    (四)国际基础

   三 中国妇女NGO的现状

   四 存在的障碍和应对措施

    (一)外部环境

    (二)内部环境

   五 妇女NGO的发展前景

  政治和宗教的结社

   法律基础

   案例法

  中国大陆地区的政治社团制度

   一 中国大陆地区的政党制度简介

   二 1949年以后中国大陆地区政党制度的发展历程

   三 中国大陆地区的民主党派

    (一)中国国民党革命委员会

    (二)中国民主同盟

    (三)中国民主建国会

    (四)中国民主促进会

    (五)中国农工民主党(简称农工党)

    (六)中国致公党

    (七)九三学社

    (八)台湾民主自治同盟

  与非政府组织的功能与发展相关的法律问题

  中国对结社自由的司法保护与界限:以工会法新增加司法保护条款为讨论线索

   一 新增司法保护条款及其意义

    (一)新增司法保护条款评析

    (二)新增司法保护条款的意义

   二 新增司法保护条款引发出的法律与法理问题

    (一)新增司法保护条款引出对结社自由性质的新解读

    (二)新增司法保护条款的局限

    (三)新增司法保护条款引出现行司法保护体制的改革问题

   附录:《工会法》新增加的司法保护条款

    第五章 工会的经费和财产

    第六章 法律责任(从第49条到第55条均涉及到司法保护)

  对政治性和宗教性社团禁止

   结社自由与其他自由和权利

   政治或宗教社团与政治—宗教性社团

   宗教国家、世俗主义和民主

   有关土耳其的案件

    法院据以审查的标准是什么

    土耳其联合共产党诉土耳其,1998年1月30日判决

    自由和民主党诉土耳其,1999年12月8日判决

    雷法等诉土耳其,2003年2月13日判决

  关于宗教组织参与市场的初步分析

   一 中国宗教组织参与市场的基本情况

   二 宗教组织与市场的关系应当是怎样的

   三 宗教组织与市场的关系如何体现于法律

   四 当前值得关注的几个具体问题

    1.修复、重建宗教场所的民主决策和社会监督问题

    2.宗教组织收支的监督问题

    3.宗教组织与民间借贷、集资

  市民社会与市场经济

   西方国家市民社会的兴起

   社会团体在中国的出现

   西方社会对市民社会的管理

   中国对市民社会的管理

 第二部分 少数人权利保护

  研讨会述要

   序言

   开幕式

   一 国际人权文书中的少数人界定和土著人概念

   二 国际人权文书和少数人权利保护

   三 中欧少数人权利保护的法律与实施

   四 少数人权利保护机制与保护措施

   五 现代化与少数人权利保护

   六 弱势群体权利保护

   闭幕式

   研讨会总结

  关于国际人权法中的少数人的概念

  少数人权利:特殊措施和积极行动

   一 国际层面

   二 国内层面

   三 特别措施和积极行动的合理性和前提条件

   结论

  《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》与中国国内立法

   一 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第27条的规定

    (一)第27条的字面含义

    (二)起草过程中争论的问题

     1.少数者的定义

     2.个人权利与集体权利

     3.少数者权利与国家统一问题

    (三)其他保护少数者权利的国际文件

   二 中国的国内立法

    (一)历史背景

    (二)《宪法》中的规定

    (三)《中华人民共和国民族区域自治法》(1984年5月13日发布,1984年10月1日实施)

    (四)2001年新《中华人民共和国民族区域自治法》

     1.与经济体制改革有关的修正

     2.与少数民族特别保护有关的修正

     3.与少数民族自治机关自治权有关的修正

     4.属于立法技术上的修正

   三 中国民族立法存在的一些问题

    (一)以社会主义计划经济为立法基础的规定应当修订

    (二)散居或杂居少数民族的权利保障问题

    (三)民族自治地方立法存在的主要问题

   四 中国加入《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》面临的主要问题

    (一)中国民族立法与《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第27条没有明显冲突

    (二)中国国内法中没有“少数者”的概念

    (三)法律的有效实施是保护少数民族和少数者权利的关键

  国际法上的少数人保护比较研究

   导论

   一

   二

   三 联合国少数人保护体制

   四 结论

  现代化与少数民族语言文字发展及保护刍议

   一 纳西族、独龙族文化及其语言文字概述

   二 以纳西族、独龙族为例的现代化内涵思考

    (一)现代化对弱势文化的语言文字的侵蚀现象

    (二)现代化加大了汉语言文字对纳西族和独龙族语言文字的影响力

    (三)现代化的教育方式对少数民族传统文化及其语言文字的影响

   三 中国关于少数民族语言文字的立法与实践

   四 问题的思考及其建议

    (一)少数民族语言文字立法没有从保护民族文化遗产的角度考虑

    (二)在教育立法中没有从文化传承的角度看待少数民族语言文字

    (三)少数民族语言文字法律体系缺乏保障机制

    (四)关于少数民族语言文字的有关建议

  少数人保护过程中的选择与问题

   一 引言

   二 问题一:少数人的国际法律人格

    (一)作为个体的少数人

    (二)被视为属于少数人群体的个人的少数人:《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第27条

    (三)间接权利

   三 问题二:选择的余地

   四 问题三:标准与现实之间的差距

   五 结语

  中国少数民族选举制度

   一 少数民族选举制度的依据

    (一)事实依据:我国是统一的多民族国家

    (二)理论依据:民族平等和民族团结

    (三)法律依据:宪法关于国体、政体以及民族关系的规定

   二 少数民族选举制度的发展历程

    (一)少数民族选举制度的萌芽

    (二)少数民族选举制度的确立

    (三)少数民族选举制度的曲折发展

    (四)少数民族选举制度的不断完善

   三 少数民族选举制度的原则

    (一)民族平等和特殊照顾相结合的原则

    (二)集体权利和个人权利相结合的原则

  《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》中的少数人权利和土著人权利

   一 介绍

   二 作为少数人的土著人

   三 土著人的自决权

  欧洲理事会对国家的少数群体权利的保护

   一 关于“少数群体”(minorities)的界定

    (一)国际人权文件中关于“少数群体”的概念

    (二)“少数群体”与“土著居民”(indigenous)的区别

   二 欧洲理事会对“少数群体”权利保护的法律线索

    (一)《欧洲人权公约》对“少数群体”权利保护的意思表示

    (二)《欧洲人权公约》之不足

     1.将公民和政治权利视为民主制度建立并存在的条件

     2.将个人权利的保护作为防止国家权力滥用的屏障

     3.传统观念的影响

     4.经济发展的制约

   三 《欧洲保护国家的少数群体框架公约》产生的背景及其所保护的权利

    (一)《框架公约》产生的背景

    (二)《框架公约》关于国家的少数群体的概念

    (三)《框架公约》保护的主要权利

   四 《框架公约》的监督机制

    (一)国家报告制度

    (二)监督机构

     1.咨询委员会

     2.部长委员会

  《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》和《欧洲人权公约》有关少数人权利的案例法

   引言

   《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第27条

   《欧洲人权公约》

    生活方式

    母语教育

    少数人群体的登记、承认和政治参与

   结语

 第三部分 非政府组织的能力建设及对人权的司法保障

  研讨会述要

   序言

   第一工作组:非政府组织能力建设

   “非政府组织能力建设”工作组得出的结论

   国际法对非政府组织和公民社会团体的保护

   非政府组织多样性角色和作用的比较研究

   运作能力

   改进非政府组织体制

   非政府组织的内部管理和问责制

   第二工作组:人权的司法保障

   法律和法院体系中的专业水准

   法定代理的权利以及法律援助的规定

   获得法院听证的权利

   开放法庭

   公正审判的实施/得到公正审判的权利

   结语

  公益性组织在行政公益诉讼中的作用

   一 问题的提出

   二 公益组织与行政公益诉讼

    (一)行政公益诉讼与公益组织

    (二)公益组织对公益诉讼的意义

   三 公益组织在公益行政诉讼中的作用

   四 建立和发展中国行政公益诉讼制度

  司法中的专业标准:国际“最佳方法”

   摘要

   基本法律文件

   最佳方法

    资格

    法官的选拔

    一般关切问题

   结论

  论社会弱势群体的司法保护

   一 社会弱势群体的法律性质和特征

   二 社会弱势群体的类型

    (一)政治权利实现中的弱势群体

    (二)经济权利实现中的弱势群体

    (三)文化权利实现中的弱势群体

    (四)民事权利实现中的弱势群体

    (五)社会权利实现中的弱势群体

    (六)法律程序权利实现中的弱势群体

   三 社会弱势群体司法保护的责任机制

   四 社会弱势群体司法保护的形式

    (一)法院及其他司法机关的法律援助

    (二)司法行政机关的法律援助

    (三)社会中介机构的法律援助

    (四)社会公益性机构的法律援助

    (五)公民志愿者*的法律援助

   五 建立我国社会弱势群体司法保护的体系

    (一)以司法行政机关为核心的法律援助制度

    (二)以减免诉讼费用为特征的司法豁免制度

    (三)以指定诉讼代理人为基础的司法帮助制度

    (四)以专职律师法律义务为特征的法律援助制度

    (五)以公益性律师事务所为代表的社会援助制度

  公民社会的面貌和功能

   引言

   公民社会的定义和功能

   市场、公民社会和国家

   公民社会和多元论

   人权、公民社会与国家

    (一)在独裁政权下

    (二)在衰退的民主政权下

    (三)在前社会主义国家

    在新兴的民主政治或过渡状态中的国家

   结论

  非政府组织的国际法律地位与人权

   一 在人权领域中非政府组织的作用与功能

    (一)国际人权规范的创制

    (二)国际人权规范的实施

   二 国际法中非政府组织的定义

   三 国际法中对非政府组织的保护

    (一)在非政府组织和其他结社形式之间不做区分

    (二)结社自由作为个人权利

    (三)国际人权法的判例

   四 结论

  与公民社会组织的合作伙伴关系

   远景

   合作关系

   公民社会与人权

   人权方法

   人权NGO和能力建设

   记录和监督

   人权培训

   战略规划

   NGO网络

   宣传和与国家机构的合作

  公民刑事诉讼权利的法律保障

   一 宪法确立了对公民基本权利的保障制度

   二 公民在法律面前一律平等

   三 公民有申诉、控告或者检举的权利

   四 公民的人身自由不受侵犯

   五 公民的住宅不受侵犯

   六 公民的通信自由和通信秘密受法律的保护

   七 被告人有权获得辩护

   八 公民有用本民族语言文字进行诉讼的权利

   九 未经法院依法判决对任何人不得确定有罪

   十 保障诉讼参与人依法享有的诉讼权利

   十一 公民有获得国家刑事赔偿的权利

   十二 对公民刑事诉讼权利保障的监督

  社团主义与民主:关于丹麦国家和公民社会的思考

   公民社会和自愿社团在丹麦的兴起

   1849年的宪法和“社团的时代”

   丹麦教育系统中的社团主义

   工会运动的起源

   集体协议—形成丹麦模式

   结论:国家在劳动力市场关系中的作用

   问题和前景:丹麦公民社会和社团民主的未来

  论公正审判权与中国司法改革

   一 公正审判权的范围

    1.法庭前的平等权

    2.获得公正和公开审讯的权利

    3.无罪推定的权利

    4.及时知情权

    5.及时受审的权利

    6.辩护权

    7.传唤和询问证人的权利

    8.免费翻译权

    9.不被强迫自证其罪的权利

    10.上诉权

    11.获得错案赔偿的权利

    12.不受双重惩罚的权利

   二 公正审判权与中国司法改革

  人权的司法保护使用法庭-司法审讯的权利

   《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第14条

   《欧洲人权公约》第6条La Convention Européenne des droits de l’homme,Commentaire article par article,Paris,Economica,1999,2nd Ed.,pp.239~279.">*

 Section One Freedom of Association

  Summary of Network Seminar on Freedom of Association

   Introduction

   Introductory Presentation

   A.Civil Society and the Market Economy

   B.Role and Function of Civil Society Organizations

   C.Legal Issues Relating to the Functioning and Development of NGOs

   D.Rights Protection Organizations and Freedom of Association

   E.Role and Function of Trade Unions

   F.Political and Religious Associations

   Visit to an Irish Trade Union by the Chinese participants

   Concluding Remarks

  Society and Freedom of Association

   Ⅰ.The Concept of Civil Society

   Ⅱ.Association and Social Development in Chinese History

   Ⅲ.Recognition of the Freedom of Association as a Right

   Ⅳ.Current Situation of Freedom of Association in China

   Ⅴ.Improving the Legal Protection of the Freedom of Association in China

  A Critical Analysis of the Role of Human Rights NGOs in the Promotion of International Human Rights Law

   Introduction

   1.Definition of NGOs(& Types)

    1.1 Definition

    1.2 Types of NGOs

   2.Role of NGOs in Human Rights Promotion

    2.1 Levels of NGO Work

    2.2 Current Role of NGOs in the Treaty Monitoring System of the UN

     2.2.1 Individual Complaints

     2.2.2 State Reports

     2.2.3 NGO Participation in Geneva and New York

   3.Critique:Analysis of NGO Work

    3.1 Conceptual Difficulties

    3.2 Strategic Difficulties

  Women NGOs in China

   Ⅰ.A Brief Survey of Women NGOs in Contemporary China

   Ⅱ.The Context of Shaping and Development of Contemporary Women NGOs

    A.Institutional basis

    B.The basis of awareness of subject

    C.International basis

   Ⅲ.The Current Situation of Women NGOs

   Ⅳ.Obstacles and Problems

    A.External conditions

    B.Internal factors

   Ⅴ.Prospects for the Development of Women NGOs

  Political and Religious Associations

   Legal basis

   Case-Law

  The System of Political Parties in Chinese Mainland

   Introduction

   Ⅰ.The History of the Political Parties in Chinese Mainland Since 1949

   Ⅱ.The Political Parties in Chinese Mainland

    Communist Party of China

    China Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang

    China Democratic League

    China Democratic National Construction Association

    China Association for the Promotion of Democracy

    Chinese Peasants and Workers’ Democratic Party

    China Zhi Gong Dang

    Jiusan Society

    Taiwan Democratic Self-government League

  Legal Issues Relating to the Functioning and Development of NGOs

  The Judicial Protection and Limitation on Freedom of Association:Perceived from the New Provisions on Judicial Protection Added to the Trade Union Law

   Ⅰ.The Newly Added Provisions on Judicial Protection and Their Significance

    A.Appraisal of the Newly Added Provisions

    B.Significance of the Newly Added Provisions

   Ⅱ.Legal and Theoretical Issues Coming from the New Provisions on Judicial Protection

    A.New Interpretation on Freedom of Association

    B.Limitations

    C.Reform on the Current Judicial Protection System

  Prohibiting Political or Religious Associations

   Freedom of association and other freedoms and rights

   Political,or religious associations and politico-religious

   Religion state,secularism and democracy

   The Turkish Cases

    What are the criteria to be considered according to the Court?

    United Communist Party of Turkey v. Turkey judgement of 30 January 1998

    Freedom and Democracy Party v Turkey judgement of 8 December 1999

    Refah Partisi and Others v Turkey judgement of 13 February 2003

  Tentative Analysis on the Market Participation of Religious Organizations

   Ⅰ.Market Participation of Religious Organizations in China

   Ⅱ.The Relationship between Religious Organizations and Market

   Ⅲ.How to Regulate the Relation Between Religious Organizations and Market by Law

   Ⅳ.Some Specific Issues of Concern

    A.Democratic Decision-Making and Social Supervision on Renovating and Rebuilding Religious Facilities

    B.Supervision on the Income and Expenses of Religious Organizations

    C.Religious Organizations and Private Loans and Fundraising

  Civil Society and Market Economy

   The Emergence of Civil Society in the West

   The Rise of Social Organizations in China

   Control of Civil Society in the West

   Control of Civil Society in China

 Section Two Protection of Minority Rights

  Summary of Network Seminar on Protection of Minority Rights

   Introduction

   Opening Ceremony

   Ⅰ.The Definition of Minorities and the Concept of Indigenous People in International Human Rights Instruments

   Ⅱ.International Human Rights Instruments and the Protection of the Rights of Minorities

   Ⅲ.Legislation on the Protection of the Rights of Minorities in China and EU and the Implementation

   Ⅳ.Mechanism and Measures on the Protection of the Rights of Minorities

   Ⅴ.Modernisation and the Protection of the Rights of Minorities

   Ⅵ.The Protection of the Rights of Vulnerable Groups

   Closing Ceremony

   Summery of the Seminar

  The Concept of Minority in International Human Rights Law

  Minority Rights:Special Measures and Affirmative Action

   Ⅰ.The International Level

   Ⅱ.The Domestic Level

   Ⅲ.Some Justification and Preconditions for Special Measures and Affirmative Action

   Conclusion

  The ICCPR and Chinese Legislation:Protection of Minority Nationalities

   Ⅰ.Article 27 of the ICCPR

    A.Literal Meaning of Article 27

    B.Issues of Contention in the Drafting Process

     (1)Definition of Minorities

     (2)Individual or Collective Right?

     (3)Minority rights and the National Unity

    C.Other International Instruments on the Protection of Minority Rights

   Ⅱ.Relevant Legislation in China

    A.Historical Backgrounds

    B.Relevant Provisions in the Constitution

    C.Law of PRC on Regional National Autonomy(Promulgated on 13 May 1984,effective on 1 October 1984)

    D.The 2001 Amendments to the Law on Regional National Autonomy

     (1)Amendments relating to the Reform of Economic System

     (2)Amendments relating to the Protection of Special Rights of Minority Nationalities

     (3)Amendments relating to the Power of Autonomy of Organs of Self-government

     (4)Amendment relating to the Legislative Technique

   Ⅲ.Existing Problems in the Legislation on Minority Nationalities in China

    A.Revision of the Provisions Based on the Socialist Planned Economic System

    B.Safeguarding of the Rights of Members of Minority Nationalities Living Scattered Groups

    C.Main Problems in the Legislation Adopted by National Autonomous Areas

   Ⅳ.Main Problems Faced by China after Its Ratification of the ICCPR

    A.No Apparent Conflict between Chinese Legislation on Minority Nationalities and Article 27 of the ICCPR

    B.No Concept of “Minority” Exists in Chinese Law

    C.Effective Implementation of the Law:the Key to the Protection of Rights of Minorities

  The Protection of Minorities in International Law:A Comparative Analysis

   Introduction

   Section One

   Section Two

   Section Three:UN Regime for Protection of Minorities

   Section IV:Conclusions

  Development and Protection of Languages of Minority Nationalities in the Context of Modernization:The Cases of Naxi and Drung Nationalities

   Ⅰ.General Introduction on Cultures and Languages of Naxi and Drung

   Ⅱ.Thoughts on the Implication of Modernization:the Cases of Naxi and Drung

    A.Erosion of Vulnerable Cultures by Modernization

    B.Modernization Enhances the Influence of Han Language on the Languages of Naxi and Drung

    C.The Influence of Modern Education on the Traditional Cultures and Languages of Ethnic Minorities

   Ⅲ.Law and Practices on the Languages of Minorities in China

   Ⅳ.Some Thoughts on the Problems and Recommendations

    A.Failure to Take into Consideration the Need to Protect the Cultural Heritage of Minorities in the Legislation on Minority Languages.

    B.Failure to View Minority Languages from the Perspective of Cultural Preservation in Education Legislation

    C.Lack of Safeguard Mechanism in the Legal System of Minority Languages

    D.Recommendations on Minority Languages

  Choices and Problems in the Process of Minority Protection

   1.Introduction

   2.First problem:international legal personality of minorities

    2.1.Minorities as individuals

    2.2.Minorities perceived as persons belonging to a minority group:Article 27 ICCPR

    2.3.Indirect rights

   3.Second problem:the margin of discretion

   4.Third problem:the gap between standards and reality

   5.Conclusion

  The Election System for Minority Nationalities in China

   Ⅰ.Bases of the Election System for Minority Nationalities

    A.Factual Basis:China is a Unified Multi-national Country

    B.Theoretical Basis:The Equality and Solidarity of Nationalities

    C.Legal Basis:The Provisions in the Constitution concerning the State System,the Political System and Ethnic Relations

   Ⅱ.Evolution of the Election System for Minority Nationalities

    A.The Embryonic Stage

    B.The Establishment of the System

    C.Stage of Tortuous Development

    D.Further Improvement

   Ⅲ.Principles of the Election System for Minority Nationalities

    A.The Principle of Combining Equality of Nationalities with Special Treatment of Minority Nationalities

    B.Principle of Combining Collective Rights with Individual Rights

  Minority Rights and Indigenous People’s Rights under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

   Ⅰ.Introduction

   Ⅱ.Indigenous Peoples as Minorities

   Ⅲ.Self-Determination of Indigenous Peoples

  Efforts of Council of Europe in the Protection of Minorities’ Rights

   Ⅰ.Definition of Minorities

    A.The Concept of Minorities in International Human Rights Instruments

    B.Difference between “minorities” and “indigenous people”

   Ⅱ.Legal Clue of the Protection of “Minorities” by the Council of Europe

    A.Declaration of Will to Protect Minorities’ Rights in European Convention on Human Rights(the European Convention)

    B.Shortcomings of the European Convention

   Ⅲ.Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities:Background and Rights Protected

    A.Background

    B.Definition of national minorities under the Framework Convention

    C.Rights enshrined in the Framework Convention

   Ⅳ.Monitoring mechanism of the Framework Convention

    A.State Report

    B.Monitoring Organ

     (1)The Advisory Committee

     (2)The Committee of the Ministers

  Minority Rights Jurisprudence under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights(“ICCPR”)and the European Convention on Human Rights(“ECHR”)

   Introductory Comments

   Article 27 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

   The European Convention on Human Rights(“ECHR”)

    Way of Life

    Mother-tongue education

    Registration,Recognition and Political Participation of Minority Groups

   Concluding Remarks

 Section Three Capacity Building of NGOs,and Judicial Guarantee of Human Rights

  Summary of Network Seminar on Capacity Building of NGOs,and Judicial Guarantee of Human Rights

   Introductory Remarks

   Working Group I:Capacity-building of NGOs

    Conclusions of the Working Group on Capacity Building of NGOs

    Protection of NGOs and Civil Society Groups under International Law

    Comparative Study of the Diverse Roles and Functions of NGOs

    Operational Capabilities

    Improvement of the NGO System

    Internal Management and Accountability of NGOs

   Working Group II:Judicial Guarantees of Human Rights

    Professionalism in the Legal and Courts System

    The Right to Legal Representation,and the Provision of Legal Aid

    The Right to a Court/ Judicial Hearing

    Open Courtrooms

    The Conduct of a Fair Trial/ Rights to Fair Trial

   Concluding Remarks

  The Role of Public Interest Organizations in Administrative Public Interest Litigation

   Ⅰ.Issues Proposed

   Ⅱ.Public Interest Organizations and Administrative Public Interest Litigation

    A.Administrative Public Interest Litigation and Public Interest Organizations

    B.The Significance of Public Interest Organizations to Public Interest Litigation

   Ⅲ.The Role of Public Interest Organizations in Administrative Public Interest Litigation

   Ⅳ.Establishing and Developing the Administrative Public Interest Litigation in China

  Professionalism in the Judiciary:International ‘Best Practices’

   Summary

   Basic Instruments

   Best Practices

   Qualifications

   Selection of Judges

   General Issues of Concern

   Conclusions

   Literature

  Judicial Protection of Socially Disadvantaged Groups

   1.The Legal Nature and Characteristics of the Socially Disadvantaged Groups

   2.Types of Socially Disadvantaged Groups

    2.1 Disadvantaged Groups in the Realization of Political Rights

    2.2 Disadvantaged Groups in the Realization of Economical Rights

    2.3 Disadvantaged Groups in the Realization of Cultural Rights

    2.4 Disadvantaged Groups in the Realization of Civil Rights

    2.5 Disadvantaged Groups in the Realization of Social Rights

    2.6 Disadvantaged Groups in the Realization of Procedural Rights

   3.Mechanism of Liability of the Judicial Protection of Disadvantaged Groups

   4.Forms of Judicial Protection of the Socially Disadvantaged Groups

    4.1 Legal Aid of the Court and Other Judicial Organs

    4.2 Legal Aid of the Judicial Administrative Organs

    4.3 Legal Aid of the Intermediate Social Organizations

    4.4 Legal Aid of Social Welfare Agencies

    4.5 Legal Aid by Voluntary Citizens*

   5.Establishing a System for the Judicial Protection of the Socially Disadvantaged Groups in China

    5.1 The System of Legal Aid with the Judicial Administrative Organs Playing the Leading Role

    5.2 System of Judicial Exemption of Legal Cost

    5.3 System of Judicial Aid Based on the Designation of Agents

    5.4 System of Legal Aid Characterized by the Legal Obligation of Full-Time Lawyers

    5.5 System of Social Aid Represented by Public Welfare Law Firms

  The Faces and Functions of Civil Society

   Introduction

   Definition and function of civil society

   The market,civil society and state

   Civil society and pluralism

   Human rights,civil society and the state

   In authoritarian regimes

   In declining democracies

   In former socialist countries

   In emerging democracies or countries in transition

   Concluding remarks

  The International Legal Status of NGOs in the Context of Human Rights

   Ⅰ.The Roles and Functions of NGOs in the Field of Human Rights

    A.The Creation of International Human Rights Norms

    B.The Implementation of International Human Rights Norms

   Ⅱ.The Definition of NGOs in International Law

   Ⅲ.Protection of NGOs under International Law

    A.No Differentiation Between NGOs and Other Associations

    B.Freedom of Association as an Individual Right

    C.International Human Rights Jurisprudence

   Ⅳ.Conclusion

  Partnerships with Civil Society Organizations

   Visions

   Partnership

   Civil society and human rights

   A human rights-based approach

   Human rights NGOs and capacity-building

   Documentation and monitoring

   Human rights training

   Strategic planning

   NGO networks

   Advocacy and cooperation with state institutions

  Legal Safeguard of Citizen’s Rights in Criminal Proceedings

   Ⅰ.Safeguard of Citizen’s Fundamental Rights as Provided in the Constitution

   Ⅱ.Equality before the Law

   Ⅲ.The Rights to Complain,Accuse and Report

   Ⅳ.Inviolability of the Liberty of Person

   Ⅴ.Inviolability of Residential Place

   Ⅵ.The Legal Protection of Citizen’s Freedom of Correspondence

   Ⅶ.The Right of Defense

   Ⅷ.Citizen’s Right to Use the Spoken and Written Languages of Their Own Ethnic Group in Court Proceedings.

   Ⅸ.No Person Shall Be Considered Guilty Without Being Judged As Such By a Court According To Law.

   Ⅹ.Safeguard for the Procedural Rights of Participants in proceedings

   Ⅺ.Citizen’s Right to State Compensation

   Ⅻ.Supervision on Safeguard for Citizen’s Rights in Criminal Proceedings

  Associationalism and Democracy:Some Reflections on the Danish State and Civil Society

   The emergence of civil society and voluntary associations in a Danish context

   The Constitution of 1849 and the ‘Age of Associations’

   Associationalism in the Danish education system

   The origin of the trade union movement

   Collective agreement-developing the Danish model

   Conclusion:the role of the state in labour market relations

   Problems and prospects:the future of civil society and associative democracy in the Danish context

  On Right to Judicial Justice and China’s Judicial Reform

   A.Scope of right to judicial justice

    1.Right to be equal before the courts and tribunals

    2.Right to a fair and public hearing

    3.Right to be presumed innocent

    4.Right to prompt information

    5.Right to be tried without undue delay

    6.Right to defense

    7.Right to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses

    8.Right to free interpretation

    9.Right not to be compelled to testify against oneself or to confess guilt

    10.Right to one’s conviction and sentence being reviewed by a higher tribunal

    11.Right to compensation for the miscarriage of justice

    12.Free of double punishments

   B.Right to Judicial Justice and China’s Judicial Reform

  Judicial Protection of Human Rights:the Right to a Court-Judicial Hearing

   Ⅰ.Article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

   Ⅱ.Article 6 of the European Convention on Human RightsLa Convention Européenne des droits de l’homme,Commentaire article par article,Paris,Economica,1999,2nd Ed.,pp. 239~279.">*

 Preface

 序

 中国—欧盟联合国人权两公约学术交流网络简介

 卷首语

本卷为《中国人权年刊》第二卷,集中展示中国与欧洲学者对结社自由、少数人权利的保护、非政府组织能力建设和人权司法保障等人权问题的研究成果。本卷涉及在国际、区域和国家层次上尊重、保护和促进这些人权的理论、规定与实践,对于中国了解欧洲的实践与研究的经验,同时使世界了解中国人权事业的进步和人权研究的进展,加强中欧双方在人权领域中的交流,具有重要的学术价值和现实意义。

ALFORD,William P.,On the Limits of “Grand Theory” in Comparative Law,61 WASHINGTON L. REV. 945,1986

——,Law,Law,What Law?Why Western Scholars of China Have Not Had More to Say about Its Law in Karen G. TURNER et al,(Eds.),THE LIMITS OF THE RULE OF LAW IN CHINA,Seattle and London:University of Washington Press,2000

APPLE,James G.,Starting Down the Long Trail of Judicial Independence:The Experience in Russia,the Newly Independent States,and Central and Eastern Europe in Robert D. NICHOLSON and Mona RISHMAWI(Eds.),UNIVERSAL ASPECTS OF JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE:CIJL YEARBOOK 1999,VOLUME VIII,Geneva:CIJL-ICJ,2000

BUSCAGLIA,Edgardo and Maria DAKOLIAS,COMPARATIVE INTERNATIONAL STUDY OF COURT PERFORMANCE INDICATORS:A DESCRIPTIVE AND ANALYTICAL ACCOUNT,The World Bank,1999;

CHERNICHENKO,Stanislav and William TREAT,THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL:CURRENT RECOGNITION AND MEASURES NECESSARY FOR ITS STRENGTHENING,1994,E/CN.4/Sub.2/1994/24.

CIJL Policy Framework for Preventing and Eliminating Corruption and Ensuring the Impartiality of the Judicial System in Robert D. NICHOLSON(Ed.),STRENGTHENING JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE,ELIMINATING JUDICIAL CORRUPTION:CIJL YEARBOOK 2000,VOLUME IX,Geneva:CIJL-ICJ,2001

CLARKE,Donald C.,Empirical Research in Chinese Law in Erik JENSEN and Thomas HELLER(Eds.),RULE OF LAW:LEGAL AND JUDICIAL REFORM IN DEVELOPING AND TRANSITION COUNTRIES,Stanford:Stanford University Press,2003

CUMARASWAMY,Dato’ Param,The UN Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers in CENTER FOR THE INDEPENDENCE OF JUDGES AND LAWYERS(Ed.),CIJL YEARBOOK - VOL. VII,Geneva:Centre for the Independence of Judges and Lawyers,1999

——,International and Regional Standards for the Protection of Judicial Independence,12(4) COMMONWEALTH JUDICIAL JOURNAL 9-19,1998

DELISLE,Jacques,Lex Americana:United States Legal Assistance,American Legal Models,and Legal Change in the Post-Communist World and Beyond,20 (summer)U. PA. J. INT’L ECON. L 179~308,1999

DESCHêNES,Jules,The Montreal Declaration on the Independence of Justice-An Introduction in Shimon SHETREET and Jules DESCHêNES(Eds.),JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE:THE CONTEMPORARY DEBATE,Dordrecht,Boston,Lancaster:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,1985

DIETRICH,Mark K.,LEGAL AND JUDICIAL REFORM IN CENTRAL EUROPE AND THE FORMER SOVIET UNION:VOICES FROM FIVE COUNTRIES,The World Bank,2000;

DOMINGO,Pilar,Judicial Independence and Judicial Reform in Latin America in Andreas SCHEDLER et al,(Eds.),THE SELF-RESTRAINING STATE:POWER AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN NEW DEMOCRACIES,Boulder and London:Lynne Rienner Publishers,1999

EPSTEIN,Lee,et al,Selecting Selection Systems in Stephen B. BURBANK and Barry FRIEDMAN(Eds.),JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE AT THE CROSSROADS:AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH,Thousand Oaks,London,New Delhi:Sage Publications,2002

FAN,Chongyi,TONGYI SIFA KAOSHI DUI ZHONGGUO SIFA TIZHI DE YINGXIANG [EFFECTS OF THE UNIFIED JUDICIAL EXAM ON THE CHINESE LEGAL SYSTEM],The 2nd EU-China Network Seminar on the Human Rights Covenants:Access to Justice Beijing:Institute of Law,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,2003

GARLIK JENSEN,Henrik,Contemporary Realities in Henrik GARLIK JENSEN and Torben AGERSNAP(Eds.),CRIME,LAW AND JUSTICE IN GREENLAND,Copenhagen:New Social Science Monographs,1996

GUIDANCE FOR PROMOTING JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE AND IMPARTIALITY,Revised ed.,U.S. Agency for International Development,2002

JOINET,Louise,INDEPENDENCE AND IMPARTIALITY OF THE JUDICIARY,JURORS AND ASSESSORS AND THE INDEPENDENCE OF LAWYERS,1993,E/CN.4/Sub.2/1993/25.

JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE:THE CONTEMPORARY DEBATE,Dordrecht,Boston,Lancaster:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,1985

LEGAL AND JUDICIAL REFORM:OBSERVATIONS,EXPERIENCES,AND APPROACH OF THE LEGAL VICE PRESIDENCY,The World Bank,2002

LOCKENOUR,Roy M.,The Chinese Court System,V(No 1,November)TEMPLE LAW QUARTERLY 253~259,1930

MAHONEY,Kathleen E.,The Myth of Judicial Neutrality:The Role of Judicial Education in the Fair Administration of Justice,32 WILLAMETTE L. REV. 785,1996

——,Gender and the Judiciary:Confronting Gender Bias in Kirstine ADAMS and Andrew BYRNES(Eds.),GENDER EQUALITY AND THE JUDICIARY,London:Commonwealth Secretariat,1999

MALCOLM,David K.,The Beijing Statement of Principles of the Independence of the Judiciary-Introduction,CIJL YEARBOOK 1996/97,VOLUME V,Geneva:CIJL-ICJ,1998

MONITORING THE EU ACCESSION PROCESS - JUDICIAL CAPACITY,EU Accession Monitoring Program,2002

MONITORING THE EU ACCESSION PROCESS:JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE,Budapest:Central European University Press,2001

NICHOLSON,Robert D.(Ed.),CIJL Policy Framework for Preventing and Eliminating Corruption and Ensuring the Impartiality of the Judicial System,STRENGTHENING JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE,ELIMINATING JUDICIAL CORRUPTION:CIJL YEARBOOK 2000,VOLUME IX,Geneva:CIJL-ICJ,2001

PEERENBOOM,Randall,The X-Files:Past and Present Portrayals of China’s Alien “Legal System”,2 WASH.U.GLOBAL STUD.L.REV. 37,2003

PRILLAMAN,William C.,THE JUDICIARY AND DEMOCRATIC DECAY IN LATIN AMERICA:DECLINING CONFIDENCE IN THE RULE OF LAW,Praeger,2000

RUBIN,Edward L.,Independence as a Governance Mechanism,in Stephen B. BURBANK and Barry FRIEDMAN(Eds.),JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE AT THE CROSSROADS:AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH,Thousand Oaks,London,New Delhi:Sage Publications,2002

R?DLER,Peter,Independence and Impartiality of Judges in David WEISSBRODT and R. WOLFRUM(Eds.),THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL,Berlin:Springer,1998

SHETREET,Shimon,The Emerging Transnational Jurisprudence on Judicial Independence:IBA Standards and Montreal Declaration in Shimon SHETREET and Jules DESCH?NES(Eds.),JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE:THE CONTEMPORARY DEBATE,Dordrecht,Boston,Lancaster:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,1985

SMITHEY,Shannon Ishiyama and John ISHIYAMA,Judicious Choices:Designing Courts in Post-Communist Politics,33 COMMUNIST AND POST-COMMUNIST STUDIES 163~182,2000

Text of the Beijing Statement of Principles of the Independence of the Judiciary(as amended 28 August 1997)CIJL YEARBOOK 1996/97,VOLUME V,Geneva:CIJL-ICJ,1998

The Victoria Falls Proclamation 1994,20(4) COMMONWEALTH LAW BULLETIN 1364~1365,1994

UNGAR,Mark,Judicial Councils in Mark UNGAR(Ed.),ELUSIVE REFORM:DEMOCRACY AND THE RULE OF LAW IN LATIN AMERICA,Boulder and London:Lynne Rienner Publishers,2002

WILLIAMS,John M.,Judicial Independence in Australia in David M. O’BRIEN and Peter H. RUSSEL(Eds.),JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE IN THE AGE OF DEMOCRACY:CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES FROM AROUND THE WORLD,Charlottesville and London:University Press of Virginia,2001

ZHANG,Qi,The Dynamics from the Ideal to the Reality:The Rule of Law in China,XXIII(2)SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CHINA 14~29,2002