篇章数

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参考文献

247

金砖国家不平等报告集(上、下册)图书

The Collection of Inequality Reports of BRICS Countries

SSAPID:101-6782-8905-77
ISBN:978-7-5097-9636-8
DOI:
ISSN:

[内容简介] 本报告集汇总了由欧盟委员会和乐施会共同支持和开展的有关金砖国家等新兴经济体的不平等现状和政策建议的部分简报和专题报告,包括全球不平等问题报告、金砖国家整体的不平等问题报告,以及金砖国家面临的不平等现状和挑战的报告。本报告集从不同维度对世界主要新兴经济体在经济快速增长背后的不平等现象和问题.特别是对教育、医疗不平等问题的形成机制及其解决方案进行了深入研究和探讨,值得关注。

相关信息

丛书名:
作 者:乐施会
编 辑:许玉燕;卢敏华;赵子安(赵景刚)
出版社:社会科学文献出版社
出版时间: 2017年07月
语 种:中文
中图分类:D73/77 各国政治

 序

 文前辅文

 从贫困到权力 平等、不平等和公平:它们在贫困问题讨论中的位置*

  权力和权利——缺失的要素

  不平等有多极端?

  平等和不平等的水平在上升还是在下降?

  不平等问题加剧的动因

  减少国内不平等

  减少国际不平等

  结论

 构筑公平世界

  日渐加剧的贫富差距

  极端不平等伤害我们所有人

   极端经济不平等:减贫路上的一道障碍

   极端不平等削弱普惠大众的经济增长

   经济不平等加剧性别不平等

   经济不平等导致健康、教育和生活机会等多方面的不平等

   被迫世代贫穷

   不平等危害社会稳定

   追求平等的天性

   是什么导致了不平等的大爆发?

    市场原教旨主义:当今不平等之祸端

    精英把持权力和政治,更加助长了不平等

  该如何终结极端不平等?

   构筑一个更平等的世界

   歧途:努力工作仅为能挺直腰板

   正道:另一条道路是可能的

   通过税收和投资来创造公平环境

   歧途:巨大的税收失败

   正道:更公平未来的希望

   医疗与教育:对抗不平等的利器

   歧途:惠及少数人的收费、私有化和医药政策

   正道:夺回公共利益

   免于恐惧

   实现女性经济平等

   好的政策可以促进女性获得经济平等

   民众力量:与那“百分之一”的较量

  刻不容缓,终结极端不平等

   1)敦促政府为民众服务,着手解决极端不平等

    各国政府和国际机构应同意:

    企业界应同意:

   2) 促进女性经济平等,促进女性权利

    各国政府和国际机构应同意:

    企业界应同意:

   3) 确保工人享有生活保障工资,缩小其与管理层天价薪酬之间的差距

    各国政府和国际机构应同意:

    企业界应同意:

   4) 合理分摊税负,创造公平环境

    各国政府和国际机构应同意:

   5) 封堵国际税收漏洞,弥补税务治理缺陷

    各国政府和国际机构应同意:

    企业界应同意:

   6)至2020年,实现全民免费公共服务

    各国政府和国际机构应同意:

    企业界应同意:

   7) 改变全球药物研发与定价体系,让每一个人都能获得对症且价格合理的药物

    各国政府和国际机构应同意:

    制药企业应同意:

   8) 设立全民社会保障最低标准

    各国政府和国际机构应同意:

   9)让发展融资聚焦减少不平等和贫困,并加强公民与政府之间的契约

    捐助国政府和国际机构应同意:

 金砖国家面临的不平等问题

  概览

  金砖国家第一轮峰会:重点回顾

   介绍

   金砖国家第一轮五次峰会简要回顾

   金砖国家议程与二十国集团

   金砖国家议程与“南南合作”

   思考:合作竞争机制化以及协作强化

  金砖国家的不平等城市

   引言

   金砖国家的城市化

   当代和未来的挑战

   巴西

   俄罗斯

   印度

   中国

   南非

  金砖国家在创新领域的公共支出

   引言

   巴西

    主要参与机构

    其他部委及其主要机构

    银行、公司和公共国家基金

    大学和研究所

   俄罗斯

    主要参与机构

    部委和机构

    国家基金会

    国有公司和科学城

    科学城

   南非

    主要参与机构

    部委和相关机构

    研究和创新机构

   中国

    主要参与机构

    其他部委

    资助机构

    资助和管理研究机构的组织

   印度

    主要参与机构

    其他部委

    机构和部委部门

    委员会和研究所

  金砖国家社会—环境可持续性

   背景

   GDP

    GDP构成

   出口

    金砖国家内贸易

    各类商品出口比例

   不平等

   能源——能源结构、电力结构和可再生与替代能源

    能源结构

    电力结构

    可再生能源

   城市化和获得高质量的环境卫生服务

   环境冲突和侵害人权在所有金砖国家均存在

    巴西

    俄罗斯

     石油和天然气开采以及侵犯原住民权利

    印度

    南非

     Marikana大屠杀——采矿、不平等和劳工权利侵害

   环境公正

   总结

    民主、可持续和环境公正

 金砖国家不平等状况简介*

  不平等影响重大

  测量和分析不平等

  聚焦金砖国家

   不平等的关键因素

    非正规就业

    地域不平等

    教育

    性别

    健康

  社会支出:影响再分配

  展望未来:环境公正和公平可持续的发展

 巴西:贫困与不平等——去向何方?

  介绍

  深化对收入、就业和税收的讨论

   近观家庭补助金计划

  巴西医疗卫生的进步和挑战

  公共教育拓展和质量的双重挑战

  持续完善食物和营养保障政策

  土地分配中的固有挑战

  公民参与再进一步

  经验以及未来应对巴西不平等和贫困问题的步骤

 俄罗斯:平等以后*

  概要

   1.导言

   2.展开讨论:收入不均以及其他

   收入和财富不均

   空间不平等

   社会不平等

   3.生成不平等的恶性循环

  医疗服务可及性不平等

  住房不平等

  教育可及性不平等

  正常就业可及性不平等

  法律不平等和腐败

   4.针对不平等的政策手段:过去

   地区经济发展

   “抬高底层”

   5.不平等的政策解决手段:展望未来

   解决劳动力市场问题

  通过税收实现再分配

  把公共服务作为抗击不平等的武器

   改善反歧视法律

   应对腐败和法律实施方面的挑战

  结论

 印度:迈向人人可享的平等机会*

  1.引言

  2.多方面的不平等

   2.1 更富有的人和其他人

   2.2 失业、低工资和歧视

   2.3 教育:平等的起点

   2.4 无安全网保护走钢丝:有关医疗风险的讨论

   2.5 要不要在角落里建厕所?

   2.6 关系网络和机会

   2.7 寻租与再分配

  3.我们是否考虑过不平等的代价?

   这是有效的吗?

   这是安全的吗?

   这是与民主兼容的吗?

   人人都享有平等的机会吗?

 印度:全球化背景下印度的不平等和“包容性增长”*

  摘要

  1.介绍

  2.各邦之间经济不平等的趋势和模式

  3.邦层面的分析

  4.社会经济方面和发展及组合指数指标内容的确定

   (a)经济发展

   (b)基础服务

   (c)社会发展

  5.各邦的措施以及地区发展的不同面孔

  6.城市结构,城乡二元化和人口流动性

  7.确定落后邦以落实目标措施

 中国的不平等挑战:回顾与对策*

  1.引言

  2.人类发展视角下的不平等问题

   2.1 人类发展视角

   2.2 关于不平等的讨论框架

    关于什么的不平等?

    谁的不平等?

    为什么会有不平等?

    不平等的后果是什么?

    如何应对不平等?

  3.经济不平等

   3.1 收入分配不平等

   3.2 贫困*

   3.3 经济机会不平等

   3.4 财产不平等

  4.社会不平等

   4.1 健康不平等

   4.2 教育不平等

   4.3 社会保障不平等

  5.自然资源与生态环境不平等

   5.1 自然资源不平等

   5.2 生态环境不平等

  6.中国经济与社会不平等的制度成因与对策

   6.1 不平等的制度成因

    户籍制度

    区域梯度发展战略

    不平衡的公共财政体制

    市场化改革和对外开放

    市场垄断和分割

   6.2 促进平等的政策举措

    进一步推进户籍制度改革,促进劳动力的自由流动,减少劳动力市场的分割

    收入分配制度改革要以初次分配为主,再分配为辅

    实施人力资本发展战略

    深化国有企业和垄断行业的改革

    优化中央—地方的财政转移支付制度

    结构性减税与增税并举,降低经济总体税负

    构建普惠的社会安全网

    保障国民对水、土地、能源等资源的基本需求

    积极倡导绿色发展,加大环境保护力度

    政府治理的现代化

    扩大私人部门和公民社会组织在发展进程中的参与

  7.结语

 南非:“小心空隙”:对南非不平等趋势特征的评价和抗击不平等的国家政策的分析研究伙伴:贫困和不平等研究机构(SPII),贫困、土地和农业研究机构 (PLAAS)。">*

  执行摘要

  背景

  报告目标

  第一部分:民主南非的不平等趋势

  第二部分:政策和影响分析

   (一)经济政策和政府治理

    《重建和发展项目》(1994)

    《增长、就业和再分配计划》(1996)

    政府的其他经济政策

    南非增长促进和分享措施(ASGI-SA)

    中期开支框架(MTEF)

    国家发展计划(NDP):2030愿景

    《税收鼓励法案》(2013)

   (二)社会保护政策*

    社会保障

    2004年《社会支持法案》和《南非社会保障机构法案》

   医疗卫生

    答案是不是全民医疗保险?

    全民医疗保险带来的好处

   教育

    宪法承诺和调整承诺

    普通教育证书教育阶段属于国家承诺的基础教育

    通过社会经济目标设定和交叉补贴实行的惠贫政策

    交叉补贴

   (三)土地和农业改革

    土地改革项目的不同形式

    到目前为止,提供了多少土地?

    脆弱的农场土地所有制

    性别和土地改革

    其他挑战

   (四)有效(和低效)的政策:影响和政策讨论

    经济政策、社会保护和政府治理

    土地改革的影响

    对生计的影响

    对就业的影响

  第三部分:结论和建议

   宏观经济政策

   公民社会干预

   社会保护

    以需求为基础的全民儿童支持基金

    全民基本收入基金(BIG)

    公民社会参与

    国家最低工资水平

    公民社会介入

   土地和农业改革

 墨西哥:贫困与不平等报告*

  执行摘要

  引言

  理论参考

  综合背景

  粮食安全

   农业生产

   粮食获取

   政策分析一:2012~2018年联邦政府粮食安全策略

  社会性别

   性别领域的一些指标

   政策分析二:农业女性项目(PROMUSAG)

  气候变化

   水资源使用和可及性

   气候变化、农业和贫困

   性别不平等与气候变化

   农业金融

    社会发展项目

    融资来源

   政策分析三:墨西哥金融行业与农业

  建议

 印尼:“所有人的富裕?”:对印度尼西亚不平等现象的再讨论

  1 介绍

  2 国家贫困线之外的贫困

  3 发展结果的不平等*

   3.1 基尼系数

   3.2 帕尔马指数

   3.3 收入分配

   3.4 最高和最低收入间比例(十分位分散比例)

  4 机会不平等

   4.1 教育*

    4.1.1 城市和农村教育结果的差距

    4.1.2 教育结果的性别差距

    4.1.3 不同收入群体间的教育结果差距

   4.2 健康

    4.2.1 城市—农村健康指标差距

    4.2.2 不同收入群体的健康指标差距

   4.3 劳动力市场机会

  5 结论

本报告集汇总了由欧盟委员会和乐施会共同支持和开展的有关金砖国家等新兴经济体的不平等现状和政策建议的部分简报和专题报告,包括全球不平等问题报告、金砖国家整体的不平等问题报告,以及金砖国家面临的不平等现状和挑战的报告。本报告集从不同维度对世界主要新兴经济体在经济快速增长背后的不平等现象和问题,特别是对教育、医疗不平等问题的形成机制及其解决方案进行了深入研究和探讨,值得关注。

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