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妇女社会权利的保护:国际法与国内法视角(上下册)图书

Protection of Women's Social Rights : from International and Domestic Law Perspectives Ⅱ

SSAPID:101-5599-6298-11
ISBN:978-7-5097-4534-2
DOI:
ISSN:

[内容简介] 本书从国际和国内两个层面,重点探讨了妇女作为社会弱势群体的社会权利的法律保护和实现。书稿提供了关于中国当前妇女生育保护、劳动保护,就业权、平等工作权、反家暴立法等方面的最新进展,也对荷兰、英国、瑞士、德国、法国等国家妇女社会权利保护状况做了展示和比较研究。这些研究既是中国社会科学院法学研究所长期以来开展人权与法治研究的重要组成部分,也是关于妇女人权保障法治问题研究的延续和深化。本书的出版,对于深化妇女社会权利法律保障的理论研究,比较并借鉴国际人权法、区域人权法和国别人权法对以妇女为主体的社会权利保障的有益经验,完善中国保障妇女社会权利的法治机制,具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。

相关信息

丛书名:中国法治论坛
编 辑:杨惠媛;郁青;关晶焱
出版社:社会科学文献出版社
出版时间: 2013年06月
语 种:中文
中图分类:D9 法律

 总序

 Forward Ⅰ

 Preface to China Forum on the Rule of Law

 Forward Ⅱ

 第一单元 妇女社会权利的保护:国际法与国内法视角

  国际人权公约视野下的妇女权利保障

   第一部分

   第二部分

    (一)维护妇女权利的国际公约日益完备

    (二)世界妇女大会大力推进

    (三)一系列专题国际会议和宣言的重要作用

   第三部分

  妇女社会权利的法律保护

   一 社会权利概述

    (一)关于社会权利的概念

     1.学者的定义

     2.国际人权条约的列举式表述或规定

     3.国内法律的列举式表述或规定

    (二)社会权利表现出的大致特点

     1.社会权利常常与经济和文化权利连接

     2.从不具有可诉性的权利向有可诉性的权利发展

   二 妇女社会权利保护的法律依据

    (一)法律依据:国际视角

     1.《联合国宪章》

     2.保护妇女社会权利的普遍性国际人权文件

     3.保护妇女社会权利的专门性国际人权文件

      (1)联合国《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》

      (2)国际劳工组织的专门性公约

    (二)法律依据:中国视角

     1.《宪法》

     2.《妇女权益保障法》

     3.《劳动法》

     4.《就业促进法》

     5.《劳动合同法》

     6.《社会保险法》

   三 妇女社会权利保护的实施机制

    (一)联合国框架下妇女社会权利保护的实施机制

     1.联合国下设的监督机构及监督程序

      (1)联合国人权委员会暨人权理事会

      (2)经济、社会和文化权利委员会

     2.国际人权条约下设的监督机构及监督程序

    (二)国内法律的保护措施

   四 妇女社会权利保护状况及存在的问题

    (一)现行法律的社会性别缺失

     1.国际层面

      (1)与保护妇女社会权利并存的社会性别缺失

      (2)实施机制的缺陷

     2.国内层面

    (二)现实中基于性别的歧视状况

  德国妇女的社会权利:国际与欧盟框架

   一 简介

    (一)统计数据

    (二)进一步概述

   二 欧盟层面和国际层面的法律框架

    (一)欧盟法在德国的适用

    (二)《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》在德国的适用

     1.作为德国联邦法律组成部分的《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》(以下简称《经社文公约》)

     2.《经社文公约》是一项政治确认,更是一项可以直接适用的法律

     3.《经社文公约》中的妇女社会权利

   三 德国妇女的社会权利

    (一)平等待遇与反歧视——欧盟法及其对国内法的影响

     1.德国劳动法中的平等待遇

     2.女性优先招聘的规定和配额制度

     3.德国养老保险中的性别平等待遇

     4.欧盟在职业退休金方面的性别平等问题

    (二)劳动法中关于的生育保护与父母保护的规定

     1.生育保护和生育津贴

     2.育儿假

     3.禁止解雇的特殊保护和定期雇用制度

    (三)针对母亲和家庭的社会保障和税收优惠

     1.育儿津贴

     2.儿童津贴

     3.儿童的社会保障福利

     4.已婚夫妇的税收优惠

     5.健康保险

     6.儿童照顾

   四 母亲重返劳动力市场困难重重——以德国为例

   五 结语

  关于理解人权发展进程的几点思考

  法国妇女的权利

   一 引言

   二 妇女在职场中的权利

   三 母亲的权利

    (一)生育权

    (二)产假和育儿假

    (三)儿童照顾

   四 防止家庭暴力

   五 女性的政治代表性

   六 结论

  联合国的妇女权利监督实施机制

   一 联合国妇女权利监督实施机制的法律依据

    (一)联合国妇女权利监督实施机制建立的依据

    (二)联合国妇女权利监督实施机制的活动的法律依据

   二 联合国人权监督实施的一般性机制

    (一)联合国主要机关的人权监督实施机制

     1.联合国大会及其人权理事会

     2.联合国经济及社会理事会

     3.联合国秘书处以及联合国人权事务高级专员办公室

    (二)联合国专门机构的人权监督实施机制

    (三)一般性人权条约的监督实施机制

   三 联合国妇女权利监督实施的专门机制

    (一)联合国保护妇女权利的专门机制:消除妇女歧视委员会

    (二)联合国保护妇女权利的专门机制:妇女地位委员会

    (三)联合国保护妇女权利的专门机制:“联合国妇女”实体

     1.“联合国妇女”实体成立前的有关实体和机构

      (1)联合国妇女发展基金

      (2)联合国提高妇女地位国际研究和训练所

      (3)联合国提高妇女地位司

      (4)性别问题和提高妇女地位特别顾问办公室

     2.“联合国妇女”实体的建立和运行

  妇女社会权利的国际监督机制

   一 妇女社会权利的国际法律标准

   二 妇女社会权利国际监督机制的构成

    (一)人权国际监督机制的性质

    (二)人权国际监督机制的构成

    (三)妇女社会权利国际监督机制的构成

     1.关于社会权利的特别程序

      (1)关于“人人享有能够达到的最高标准的身体和精神健康权”的特别程序

      (2)关于“针对妇女的暴力:原因及其后果”的特别程序

     2.关于社会权利的国家报告程序

     3.关于社会权利的个人申诉程序

     4.条约机构关于社会权利的一般性评论或建议

   三 妇女社会权利国际监督机制的运行:中国与荷兰的视角

    (一)人权理事会对妇女社会权利的普遍定期审查

     1.人权理事会对荷兰的普遍定期审查

     2.人权理事会对中国的普遍定期审查

    (二)关于妇女社会权利的特别程序

    (三)关于社会权利的国家报告程序

     1.经济、社会和文化权利委员会对荷兰国家报告的审查

     2.经济、社会和文化权利委员会对中国国家报告的审查

     3.消除对妇女歧视委员会对荷兰国家报告的审查

     4.消除对妇女歧视委员会对中国国家报告的审查

    (四)关于社会权利的个人申诉程序

   四 妇女社会权利国际监督机制面临的挑战与展望

    (一)妇女社会权利国际监督机制面临的挑战

    (二)对妇女社会权利国际监督机制的展望

 第二单元 妇女社会保障权的立法、行政和司法保护

  瑞士社会保障制度的基本理念及其面临的挑战

   一 引言

    (一)宪法原则

    (二)从各州责任到联邦职权

    (三)公司与民主政治文化

    (四)性别平等

   二 历史

    (一)各州保障社会福利的责任

    (二)社会保障的早期立法

    (三)健康与事故保险

    (四)养老金制度

    (五)担忧

   三 社会保障标准

    (一)需要帮助的人

    (二)基本权利和社会目标

    (三)妇女的平等权

    (四)社会目标的实施

    (五)缺乏对联邦法律进行违宪审查

   四 联邦法律规定的社会保险

    (一)基本养老保险(第一大支柱)

    (二)残疾人保险

    (三)失业保险

    (四)健康保险

    (五)职业养老保险(第二大支柱)

    (六)生育保险

    (七)家庭补贴

   五 挑战

    (一)全球化

    (二)移民

    (三)不断变化着的社会

    (四)医疗费用

    (五)金融危机

    (六)人口平均预期寿命

    (七)灵活性保障

    (八)妇女需要什么

    (九)结论

  我国生育保险立法及法律实施状况

   一 我国生育保险立法状况

    1.适用范围

    2.费用统筹

    3.生育保险待遇

    4.生育保险基金的监督和管理

   二 我国生育保险制度实施状况

    1.覆盖范围过窄

    2.“试行办法”缺乏应有的强制力

    3.生育费用和医疗费用界限不清

    4.待遇水平偏低

    5.生育保险基金结余额过高

   三 完善我国生育保险制度的意见

    (一)国际经验

     1.德国的生育保险制度

     2.英国的生育保险制度

    (二)完善我国生育保险法的意见

     1.需逐步扩大生育保险的覆盖范围

     2.加强法规的强制性

     3.提高生育保险待遇标准

     4.将因生育引发疾病所支付的费用规定由医疗保险支付

     5.提高生育保险基金的统筹层次

     6.规定产妇及其配偶可以轮换育儿

  国际层面上的妇女权利和个体经营者的生育津贴:公共责任还是私人责任

   一 引言

   二 欧盟层面上关于女性个体经营者生育保护的妇女权利

    (一)成员国提供公共项目的义务

     《就业平等待遇指令》

     《个体经营者平等待遇指令》

    (二)保险公司提供私有保险项目的义务

     《获得或提供商品和服务过程中的男女平等待遇指令》

     针对该问题提起的全国性法律诉讼

     荷兰法院的判决

     小结

   三 国际层面上关于女性个体经营者生育保护的妇女权利

    国际劳工组织第103号《生育保护公约》和第183号《生育保护公约》

    联合国《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》(以下简称《消歧公约》)

   四 结论

  我国生育保障制度的改革发展

   一 我国生育保障制度的历史沿革

   二 我国生育保障制度框架和基本政策

    (一)城市生育保障制度

     1.城镇职工生育保险制度基本框架

     2.各地生育保险制度改革创新

    (二)农村生育保障制度

     1.新农合制度

     2.公共卫生的“降消”项目

     3.中西部分娩补助计划

   三 我国生育保障制度面临的主要问题

    (一)生育保障制度安排尚有缺失

    (二)农村生育保障水平低

    (三)对流动人口的保障差

    (四)单位保障生育待遇的能力减弱

   四 完善生育保障制度改革的建议

    (一)弥补制度缺失

     1.扩大城镇职工生育保险制度覆盖面

     2.探索城镇居民生育保障模式

    (二)逐步提高生育保障待遇水平

    (三)统筹城乡生育保障制度

     1.由单位保障过渡到社会保障

     2.统筹城乡生育保障制度

  荷兰妇女社会权利的法律保护:怀孕与生育

   一 导言

   二 事实和数据

   三 荷兰保护基本权利的法律制度

   四 国内法:平等和非歧视

    (一)荷兰有关平等的立法

    (二)就业

    (三)教育

    (四)健康法

   五 结论

  同龄退休:妇女的基本社会权利

   一 相关背景

   二 退休也是一项权利

   三 一部分女性愿意提前退休的原因

   四 以推动男女公职人员同龄退休为突破口

   五 结语

  确保“特别规定”实施的配套立法倡导要点

   一 细化用人单位防止性骚扰的义务

    (一)用人单位防止性骚扰的义务规范及其细化的必要性

    (二)细化用人单位防止性骚扰义务的可行性

    (三)细化用人单位防止性骚扰义务的立法建议

     1.连带赔偿责任

     2.补救措施

     3.免责情形

   二 消除生育保险中的户籍歧视制度

    (一)户籍歧视是落实生育津贴制度的最大障碍

    (二)户籍歧视阻碍生育负担社会化影响女性就业

    (三)消除生育保险户籍歧视的实践经验

  生育假制度比较研究:德国、荷兰和中国

   一 关于生育假、产假、父亲陪护假、和父母育儿假概念的使用

   二 德国的生育假制度

    (一)德国生育假立法

    (二)产假

     1.产假期限

     2.生育津贴

    (三)父母育儿假和育儿津贴

   三 荷兰的生育假制度

    (一)荷兰的生育假立法

    (二)产假

    (三)父亲陪护假

    (四)父母育儿假

   四 中国的生育假制度

    (一)中国的生育假立法

    (二)产假

    (三)晚育假

   五 结论

  “怀孕歧视”:为什么有禁不止

   一 问题的提出:立法与现实的反差

    (一)立法:似乎面面俱到

    (二)现实:怀孕歧视林林总总

     1.歧视公开且表现极端

     2.劳动格式合同中的禁孕条款几成惯例

     3.用“生育保证书”方式把用人单位意志强加给应聘者

     4.以“孕期”保护为名降低工资或职务

     5.以道德过错或工作失误为名进行怀孕解雇

   二 他山之石:“怀孕歧视”的法律禁止之路

   三 阳光下的坚冰,遭遇多重消解的怀孕妇女工作权

    (一)法律移植带来的文化冲突

    (二)福利向权利转型中雇主对权利成本的算计

    (三)一个行政执法批复的消解作用

    (四)用人单位对劳动规章和劳动合同权力的滥用

   四 禁止“怀孕歧视”本土的建构

    (一)对生育行为的社会文化改造和人权倡导

    (二)国家立法意识的转变

    (三)怀孕歧视的重构

     1.“性别歧视”需要法律概念化

     2.界定怀孕歧视的违法行为构成

     3.将怀孕歧视纳入劳动监督,并建立专门的劳动歧视的投诉机制

  国际上养老保险法律外因性理论与妇女退休年龄新探

   一 新历史主义理论

    (一)新历史主义理论产生的时代背景

    (二)新历史主义理论的主要观点

    (三)新历史主义理论评价

   二 福利经济学理论

    (一)福利经济学理论产生的时代背景

    (二)福利经济学理论的主要观点

    (三)福利经济学理论评价

   三 新自由主义理论

    (一)新自由主义理论兴起的时代背景

    (二)新自由主义理论的主要观点

    (三)新自由主义理论评价

   四 第三条道路理论

    (一)第三条道路理论产生的时代背景

    (二)第三条道路理论的主要观点

    (三)第三条道路理论评价

   五 上述理论的进一步探索

    (一)国家与市场的维度

    (二)公平与效率的维度

    (三)强制与自愿的维度

   六 国际上实现男女同龄退休已是大势所趋

    (一)英国提高法定退休年龄的措施

    (二)德国和美国提高法定退休年龄的措施

    (三)初步的结论

  妇女社会权利的保护研究

   一 关于退休年龄的政策文件规定

   二 同龄退休的争议观点阐述

    (一)同龄退休是否符合男女平等之争议

     1.肯定说

     2.否定说

    (二)同龄退休是否加大就业压力之争议

     1.肯定说

     2.否定说

    (三)同龄退休是否代表少数人利益之争议

     1.肯定说

     2.否定说

   三 实行同龄退休是时代发展的需要

    (一)同龄退休的含义

    (二)同龄退休是贯彻男女平等基本国策,推动两性和谐发展的需要

    (三)同龄退休是维护妇女权益,促进妇女发展的需要

     1.维护政治权利的需要

     2.维护劳动权益的需要

     3.维护文化教育权益的需要

     4.维护财产权益的需要

    (四)同龄退休是顺应时代潮流,与国际接轨的需要

     1.符合相关国际公约精神

     2.其他国家退休年龄的规定

     3.应对人口老龄化复杂形势的需要

   四 相关建议:退休政策应统筹协调各方面的利益

    1.弹性退休

    2.分步走

  制定社会救助法 为家暴受害者提供临时救助

   一 我国现有社会救助法律制度及其不足

   二 社会救助的基本理念

    (一)人权保障理念

    (二)国家责任理念

   三 临时救助的理论与实践

   四 家庭暴力受害者需要获得临时救助

    (一)救助家庭暴力受害者是一项国家责任

    (二)家庭暴力对于公民而言属临时性重大困难

    (三)为家庭暴力受害者提供临时救助有实践经验

   五 结语

  我国老年妇女经济保障问题研究

   研究背景

   一 老年妇女经济保障现状

    (一)养老金拥有率低

    (二)人均收入水平低

    (三)人均财产少

    (四)经济依赖性强

    (五)贫困发生率高

   二 老年妇女经济保障问题的成因

    (一)生命历程的影响

     1.受教育程度低

     2.正规就业率低

     3.连续工作时间短

     4.丧偶比例偏高

     5.财产丧失率高

    (二)制度性因素的影响

     1.女性退休时间早

     2.遗属保障程度低

     3.养老金计发办法不利

     4.低保条件的影响

     5.新农保政策的影响

    (三)性别理论的反思

   三 国外有关老年妇女经济保障的经验

    1.男女同龄退休

    2.建立遗属保险

    3.实行国民养老金

   四 改善老年妇女经济保障状况的政策建议

    1.试点推行男女同龄退休政策

    2.建立遗属保障

    3.依法保障老年妇女的经济权益

    4.在养老保障政策中纳入性别视角

 Part One Protection of Women’s Social Rights from Perspectives of International Law and Domestic Law

  Protection of Women’s Rights from the Perspective of International Human Rights Conventions

   Part I

   Part II

    1.Increasing Improvement of International Treaties on the Protection of Women’s Rights

    2.Vigorous Promotion by World Conferences on Women

    3.An Important Role of Special International Conferences and Declarations

   Part III

  Legal Protection of Women’s Social Rights

   I.A Brief Introduction to Social Rights

    1.1 The Definition of Social Rights

     1.1.1 A Scholarship definition

     1.1.2 Provisions enumerating contents of social rights in international human rights treaties.

     1.1.3 Provisions enumerating contents of social rights in domestic laws.

    1.2 The Main Characteristics of Social Rights

     1.2.1 Social rights are usually related to economic and cultural rights.

     1.2.2 Development from non-justiciable rights to justiciable rights.

   II.The Legal Basis of the Protection of Women’s Social Rights

    2.1 The Legal Basis at the International Level

     2.1.1 The UN Charter

     2.1.2 Universal international human rights instruments

     2.1.3 Specialized international human rights instruments

      a.UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women(CEDAW)

      b.Specialized conventions adopted by the ILO

    2.2 The Legal Basis:Chinese Perspective

     2.2.1 The Constitution.

     2.2.2 The Law on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women.

     2.2.3 The Labour Law.

     2.2.4 The Employment Promotion Law

     2.2.5 The Labour Contract Law

     2.2.6 The Social Insurance Law

   III.Mechanisms for the Implementation of Women’s Social Rights

    3.1 Mechanisms for the Implementation of Women’s Social Rights under the Framework of the UN

     3.1.1 Monitoring bodies and procedures under UN.

      a.UN Commission on Human Rights(UN Human Rights Council)

      b.Committee on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights

     3.1.2 Monitoring bodies and procedures under the International Human Rights Treaties,the CEDAW and its Optional Protocol

      a.State Reporting Procedure

      b.Individual Complaint Procedure

    3.2 Domestic Legal Protection Measures

   IV.Current Situation and Problems

    4.1 The Lack of a Gender Perspective in Current Laws

     4.1.1 At the International Level

      a.The Lack of A Gender Perspective Coexisting with the Protection of Women’s Social Rights

      b.Shortcomings in the Implementation Mechanism

     4.1.2 At the Domestic Level

    4.2 Current Situation of Gender-Based Discrimination in Practice

  The Social Rights of Women in Germany:the International and European Framework

   I.Introduction

    1.1 Statistics

    1.2 For Further Advance

   II.The European and the International Legal Framework

    2.1 Application of European Law in Germany

    2.2 Application of the ICESCR in Germany

     2.2.1 ICESCR as German federal law

     2.2.2 ICESCR as a political acknowledgement,but also directly applicable law

     2.2.3 Women’s social rights in the ICESCR

   III.Social Rights of Women in Germany

    3.1 Equal treatment and antidiscrimination-European Law and its influence on the national regulations

     3.1.1 Equal treatment in German Labor Law

     3.1.2 Regulations of preferential recruitment of women and quotas

     3.1.3 Equal treatment of gender in the German pension insurance

     3.1.4 European problems related to gender equality in the field of occupational retirement provisions

    3.2 Maternity and Parental Protection in Labor Law

     3.2.1 Maternity protection and maternity benefits

     3.2.2 Parental leave

     3.2.3 Special protection against dismissal and fixed-term employment

    3.3 Social Security and Tax Benefits for Mothers and Families

     3.3.1 Parental benefits

     3.3.2 Child benefits

     3.3.3 Social security benefits for children

     3.3.4 Tax benefits for married couples

     3.3.5 Health insurance

     3.3.6 Childcare

   IV.The Difficult Return of Mothers to the Labor Market—a German Example

   V.Conclusion

  Some Thoughts on the Development of a Human Rights Understanding

  Women’s Rights in France

   I.Introduction

   II.Women’s Rights in the Workplace

   III.Maternity Rights

    3.1 Reproductive rights

    3.2 Maternity and parental leave

    3.3 Childcare

   IV.Protection against Violence

   V.Women’s Political Representation

   VI.Conclusion

  United Nations Mechanisms for Monitoring the Implementation of Women’s Rights

   I.Legal Bases of UN Mechanisms for the Implementation of Women’s Rights

    1.1 Bases of the Establishment of UN Mechanisms for the Implementation of Women’s Rights

    1.2 Legal Bases of the Activities of UN Bodies Responsible for Monitoring the Implementation of Women’s Rights

   II.General Human Rights Monitoring and Implementation Mechanisms of the UN

    2.1 Human Rights Implementation Monitoring Mechanisms of Principal Organs of the UN

     2.1.1 UN General Assembly and Its Human Rights Council

     2.1.2 ECOSOC

     2.1.3 UN Secretariat and Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights

    2.2 Human Rights Implementation Monitoring Mechanisms of the UN Specialized Agencies

    2.3 Monitoring Mechanisms Established under General Human Rights Treaties

     2.3.1 State Parties Reporting System

     2.3.2 Inter-state Complaint Mechanism

     2.3.3 Individual Complaint Mechanism

   III.Specialized UN Monitoring Mechanisms for the Implementation of Women’s Rights

    3.1 Specialized UN Body for the Protection of Women’s Rights:the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women

    2.Specialized UN Body for the Protection of Women’s Rights:the Commission on the Status of Women

    3.Specialized UN Body for the Protection of Women’s Rights:UN Women

     3.1 Relevant UN Entities and Bodies before the Establishment of the UN Women

      3.1.1 UNIFEM

      3.1.2 INSTRAW

      3.1.3 DAW

      3.1.4 OSAGI

     3.2 Establishment and Operation of “UN Women”

  International Monitoring Mechanisms for Women’s Social Rights

   I.International Legal Standards for Women’s Social Rights

   II.The International Monitoring Mechanisms for Women’s Social Rights

    2.1 The Nature of International Human Rights Monitoring Mechanisms

    2.2 The Components of the International Human Rights Monitoring Mechanisms

    2.3 The Components of the International Monitoring Mechanisms for Women’s Social Rights

     2.3.1 Special Procedures on Social Rights

     2.3.2 State Reporting Procedures on Social Rights

     2.3.3 Individual Complaints Procedure on Social Rights

     2.3.4 General Comments/Recommendations on Social Rights Adopted by Treaty Bodies

   III.Operation of the International Monitoring Mechanisms for Women’s Social Rights:China and the Netherlands Perspectives

    3.1 The Universal Periodic Review of Women’s Social Rights by the Human Rights Council

     3.1.1 Review of the Netherlands by the HRC

     3.1.2 Review of China by the HRC

    3.2 Special Procedures on Women’s Social Rights

    3.3 State Reporting Procedure on Social Rights

     3.3.1 Consideration of State Reports of the Netherlands by the Committee on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights

     3.3.2 Consideration of State Reports of China by the Committee on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights

     3.3.3 Consideration of State Reports of the Netherlands by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women

     3.3.4 Consideration of State Reports of China by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women

    3.4 Individual Complaints Procedure on Social Rights

   IV.Challenges and Development of the International Monitoring Mechanisms for Women’s Social Rights

    4.1 Challenges of the International Monitoring Mechanisms for Women’s Social Rights

    4.2 Development of the International Human Rights Monitoring Mechanisms for Women’s Social Rights

 Part Two The Legislative, Administrative and Judicial Protection of Women’s Social Security Rights

  Basic Concepts and Challenges of the Swiss System of Social Protection with Special Focus on Women’s Rights

   I.Introduction

    1.1 Constitutional Principles

    1.2 From Cantonal Responsibility towards Federal Competences

    1.3 Corporate and Democratic Political Culture

    1.4 Gender Equality

   II.History

    2.1 Social Welfare Responsibility of the Cantons

    2.2 Early Legislation for Social Security

    2.3 Health and Accident Insurance

    2.4 Pension System

    2.5 Fears

   III.The Standards of Social Security

    3.1 People in Need

    3.2 Fundamental Rights and Social Goals

    3.3 Equal Rights for Women

    3.4 Implementation of the Social Goals

    3.5 Lacking Constitutional Review of Federal Legislation

   IV.Social insurances regulated by federal legislation

    4.1 Old Age Pension Scheme(First Pillar:AHV/AVS)

    4.2 Pension for Disabled Persons

    4.3 Pension for Unemployment

    4.4 Health Insurance

    4.5 Capitalized Pension(Second Pillar)

    4.6 Maternity

    4.7 Family allowances

   V.Challenges

    5.1 Globalization

    5.2 Migration

    5.3 Changing Society

    5.4 Medical Costs

    5.5 Financial Crisis

    5.6 Life Expectation

    5.7 Flexi-Security

    5.8 What is Needed for Women?

    5.9 To Conclude:

  Maternity Insurance Legislation and Its Implementation in China

   I.Current Situation of Legislation on Maternity Insurance in China

   II.Implementation of the Maternity Insurance System in China

   III.Suggestions for Improving the Maternity Insurance System in China

    3.1 International Experiences

     3.1.1 Maternity Insurance System in Germany

     3.1.2 Maternity Insurance System in the UK

    3.2 Suggestions for Improving the Maternity Insurance System in China

  International Women’s Rights and Maternity Benefits for the Self-employed:Public or Private Responsibility?

   I.Introduction

   II.European women’s rights in respect of maternity protection for self-employed workers

    2.1 Member States’ Obligations for Providing Public Schemes

     The Employment Equal Treatment Directive

     The Self-employment Equal Treatment Directive

    2.2 Insurance Companies’ Obligations for Providing Private Schemes

     The Services and Goods Equal Treatment Directive

     National legal proceedings on the issue

     Dutch Legal Court Decisions

     Conclusions

   III.International Women’s Rights in Respect of Maternity Protection for Self-Employed Workers

    ILO Maternity Protection Conventions No.103 and 183

    UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women(CEDAW)

   IV.Final Remarks

  Reform and Development of the Maternity Protection System in China

   I.Historical Development of the Maternity Protection System in China

   II.The Institutional Framework and Basic Policies of Maternity Protection System in China

    2.1 The Urban Maternity Protection System

     2.1.1 The Basic Framework of the System of Maternity Insurance for Urban Employees

      a. Coverage

      b. Collection of fund

      c. Maternity insurance benefits

      d. Management of fund

     2.1.2 The Reform of and Innovation on the Maternity Insurance System Carried out by Local Governments

      a. Extending the scope of application

      b. Expanding contents of maternity insurance

      c. Managing designated medical services institutions

    2.2 The Rural Maternity Protection System

     2.2.1 The New Rural Cooperative Medical Care System

     2.2.2 The Public Health “Reduction and Elimination” Programme

     2.2.3 The Childbirth Subsidy Plan for Central and Western Regions

   III.The Main Problems in the Maternity Protection System in China

    3.1 Deficiencies in the Institutional Arrangement of the Urban Maternity Protection System

    3.2 The Low Level of Maternity Protection in Rural Areas

    3.3 A Poor Maternity Protection for Migrant Population

    3.4 A Decreased Ability of Employing Units to Provide Maternity Benefits

   IV.Suggestions on the Reform of the Maternity Protection System

    4.1 Remedying Institutional Deficiencies

     4.1.1 Expanding the Coverage of Urban Maternity Insurance System

     4.1.2 Exploring Maternity Protection Mode for Urban Residents

    4.2 Gradually Improving the Level of Maternity Protection

    4.3 Making an Overall Plan of Maternity Protection System for both Urban and Rural Areas

     4.3.1 Transition from Protection by Employing Unit to Protection by Society

     4.3.2 Making an Overall Plan of Maternity Protection System for both Urban and Rural Areas

  The Legal Protection of Women’s Social Rights in the Netherlands:Pregnancy and Maternity

   I.Introduction

   II.Facts and Figures

   III.The Dutch Legal System Regarding the Protection of Fundamental Rights

   IV.National Law:Equality & Non-Discrimination

    4.1 Dutch Equality Legislation

    4.2 Employment

    4.3 Education

   V.Health Law

   VI.Conclusion

  The Same Retirement Age for Men and Women:A Basic Social Right of Women

   I.Background

   II.Retirement is also a Right

   III.The Reasons Why Some Women are willing to Accept Earlier Retirement

   IV.Taking the Promotion of the Same Retirement Age for Male and Female “Public Employees” as the Breakthrough Point

   V.Conclusions

  Priorities of the Advocacy for the Legislation Supporting the Implementation of Special Provisions on the Labour Protection of Female Employees

   I.Further Specifying the Employer’s Obligation to Prohibit and Prevent Sexual Harassment

    1.1 The Norms on the Employer’s Obligation to Prevent Sexual Harassment and the Necessity of Further Specifying These Norms

    1.2 Feasibility of Further Specifying the Employer’s Obligation of Preventing and Stopping Sexual Harassment

    1.3 Legislative Proposals on Further Specifying the Employer’s Obligation to Prevent Sexual Harassment

   II.Eliminating Discrimination in Maternity Insurance Based on Registered Permanent Residence

    2.1 Discrimination Based on Registered Permanent Residence Is the Biggest Obstacle to the Implementation of the System of Maternity Benefits

    2.2 Hukou Discrimination Impedes the Socialization of the Burden of Childbirth and Affects Women’s Employment

    2.3 Practical Experience in Eliminating Hukou Discrimination in Maternity Insurance

  A Comparative Study of Parental Leave Systems of Germany,the Netherlands and China

   I.The Use of the Terms “Parental Leave in a Broader Sense”,“Maternity Leave”,“Paternity Leave”,and “Parental Leave in a Narrow Sense”

   II.The Parental Leave System of Germany

    2.1 Legislation

    2.2 Maternity Leave

     2.2.1 Duration

     2.2.2 Maternity Benefit

     2.2.3 Parental Leave and Parental Benefits

   III.The Parental Leave System of the Netherlands

    3.1 Dutch Parental Leave Legislation

    3.2 Maternity Leave

    3.3 Paternity Leave

    3.4 Parental Leave

   IV.The Parental Leave System of China

    4.1 Legislation

    4.2 Maternity Leave

    4.3 Late Childbearing Leave

   V.Concluding Remarks

  Pregnancy Discrimination:Why does the Practice Persists despite Prohibition by Law?

   I.The Background:A Contrast between Legislation and Reality

    1.1 The Legislation:Legal Provisions Seem to Be All-Rounded and Comprehensive

    1.2 The Reality:Pregnancy Discrimination is Widespread

     1.2.1 Many Forms of Pregnancy Discrimination are practiced openly and in Extreme Manners

     1.2.2 The Inclusion of Childbirth-Restriction Clauses in Labour Contract Has Become a Common Practice

     1.2.3 The Imposition of the Employer’s Will on Job Applicants through the Signing of “No Childbirth Guarantee”

     1.2.4 Reducing the Wage of or Demoting Pregnant Women in the Name of Protecting Them during Pregnancy

     1.2.5 The Dismissal on the Pretext of Moral Fault or Errors in Work

   II.The Experiences of Other Countries and Regions:Road towards Legal Prohibition of “Pregnancy Discrimination”

    2.1 The U.S.

    2.2 Canada

    2.3 Taiwan Province

   III.Fast Ice under the Sun:Pregnant Women’s Right to Work in the Face of Multiple Nullifications

    3.1 Cultural Conflicts Brought About by Legal Transplantation

    3.2 The Calculation of the Cost of Rights by Employers in the Transition from Welfare to Rights

    3.3 The Nullifying Effect of a Written Official Reply by an Administrative Organ on Administrative Law Enforcement

    3.4 The Abuse of Internal Labour Rules and Regulations and Labour Contracts by Employers

   IV.A Localized Construction of the System of Prohibition of Pregnancy Discrimination in China

    4.1 Social Cultural Reform of Reproductive Behaviours and Human Rights Advocacy

    4.2 The Change of Legislative Attitude of the State

    4.3 Reconstructing the Concept of Pregnancy Discrimination

     4.3.1 The Need for Legal Conceptualization of Gender Discrimination

     4.3.2 Defining Unlawful Act of Pregnancy Discrimination

     4.3.3 Bringing Pregnancy Discrimination into the Scope of Labour Inspection and Establishing Special Mechanisms to Deal with Complaints about Employment Discrimination

  A Study on the External Cause Theories of Pension Law Worldwide and the Retirement Age for Women

   I.New Historicism

    1.1 Historical background of New Historicism

    1.2 Major points of New Historicism

    1.3 Comments on New Historicism

   II.Welfare Economics

    2.1 Historical background of Welfare Economics

    2.2 The Main points of Welfare Economics

    2.3 Comments on Welfare Economics

   III.Neoliberalism

    3.1 Historical background of the development of the Neo-liberalism

    3.2 Views of Neo-liberalism

    3.3 Comments on Neoliberalism

   IV.Third Way

    4.1 Emergence Context of the Third Way

    4.2 Major points of Third Way

    4.3 Comments on Third Way

   V.Further Developments

    5.1 The Dimension of the state and market

    5.2 The Dimension of justice and efficiency

    5.3 The Dimension of mandatory and voluntary scheme

   VI.International Trend of the Same Retirement Age for Men and Women

    6.1 Measures adopted in the UK to raise the retirement age

    6.2 Measures adopted in Germany and the US to raise the statutory retirement age

    6.3 Preliminary conclusion and tentative proposals

  Protection of Women’s Social Rights

   I.Policy Documents on Retirement Age

   II.Arguments for and against the Same Retirement Age for Men and Women

    2.1 The Same Retirement Age for Men and Women and the Principle of Gender Equality

    2.2 The Same Retirement Age for Men and Women Increases the Employment Pressure of Society

    2.3 The System of the Same Retirement Age for Men and Women Represents the Interests of a Minority

   III.The Implementation of the Same Retirement Age for Men and Women Follows Demands of Today

    3.1 The Meaning of the Same Retirement Age

    3.2 The Same Retirement Age for Men and Women:A Requirement for Equality between and the Harmonious Development of Men and Women

    3.3 The Necessity of the Same Retirement Age for Men and Women

    3.4 The System of the Same Retirement Age for Men and Women Follows Demands of Today and Complies with International Standards

   IV.Suggestions:Retirement Policy should Strike a Balance between the Interests of Different Groups of People

  China Needs a Social Relief Law for the Victims of Domestic Violence

   I.The Current Social Relief Legal System in China and Its Deficiencies

   II.Basic Values and Aims of Social Relief

    2.1 Human Rights Protection

    2.2 State Responsibility

   III.Theory and Practice of Temporary Social Relief

   IV.Victims of Domestic Violence Need Temporary Relief

    4.1 Providing Relief to Victims of Domestic Violence is a Responsibility of the State

    4.2 Domestic Violence Constitutes Major Temporary Difficulty for its Victims

    4.3 Practical Experiences in Temporary Relief to Victims of Domestic Violence

   V.Conclusion

  The Analysis of Older Women’s Economic Security in China

   Background

   I.The Current Situation of Older Women’s Economic Security

    1.1 Low Percentage of Older Women Receiving Pension Income

    1.2 Lower Income per Capita

    1.3 Less Property per Capita

    1.4 A Higher Economic Dependence

    1.5 A Higher Level of Poverty Incidence

   II.The Causes for Problems Related to Older Women’s Economic Security

    2.1 The Impact of Life Course

     2.1.1 Low educational level

     2.1.2 Low employment rate in formal sectors

     2.1.3 Short period of continuous employment

     2.1.4 High percentage of widowhood among older women

     2.1.5 High property loss rate

    2.2 The impact of Institutional Factors

     2.2.1 Women’s early retirement age

     2.2.2 Low level of support for survivors

     2.2.3 Pension calculation method unfavourable for women

     2.2.4 The impact of the minimum standard of living

     2.2.5 The impact of the new type rural social endowment insurance

    2.3 A Reflection on Gender Theory

   III.Experience of Older Women’s Economic Security in Foreign Countries

    3.1 Same Retirement Age between Men and Women

    3.2 Establishment of Survivors Insurance System

    3.3 Implementation of National Pension System

   IV.Policy Suggestions for Improving Older Women’s Economic Security

    4.1 To Start a Piloting Programme for the Introduction of the Same Retirement Age Policy

    4.2 To Establish Survivors Security System

    4.3 To Protect Older Women’s Economic Rights and Interests in Accordance with Law

    4.4 To Include a Gender Perspective into the Retirement Pension Policy

 序一

 序二

本书从国际法和国内法两个层面,全面梳理了妇女社会权利法律保护的不同理论观点,比较借鉴了国际人权法、区域人权法和国别人权法的有益经验,深入探讨了妇女作为社会弱势群体之社会权利法律保护的若干理论和实践问题。剖析了中国当前社会保障、妇女生育保护、劳动保护、就业权、健康权、反家暴立法等方面的最新情况,也对荷兰、英国、瑞士、德国、法国和澳大利亚等国家妇女社会权利保护状况进行了比较研究。这些研究,既是中国社会科学院法学研究所长期以来开展的人权与法治研究的重要组成部分,也是关于妇女人权保护法治问题研究的延续和深化。本书的出版,对于进一步加强妇女社会权利法律保护的理论与政策研究,完善妇女社会权利保障的法治机制,具有重要理论价值和实践意义。

Barnard,C.,EC Employment Law,Oxford University Press,2006.

-Caracciolo di Torella,E.,‘The goods and Services Directive:Limitations and Opportunities’,Feminist Legal Studies(13)2005,pp.337-347.

-Caracciolo di Torella,E.‘The Principle of Gender Equality,the Goods and Services Directive and Insurance:A Conceptual Analysis’,Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative law(13)2006-3,pp.339-350.

-Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women,Concluding comments:Netherlands,2 February 2007,www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/37sess.htm

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-Ulrich,K.E.,‘Insuring Family Risks:Suggestions for a National Family Policy and Wage Replacement’,Yale Journal of Law and Feminism(14)2002-1,pp.1-68.

-Vroonhof,P.J.M.,and R.Braaksma,Private disability insurance.Unequal treatment of men and women in respect of maternity leave policy conditions,EIM:Zoetermeer 2007,www.cgb.nl(Dutch only).

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[2]牛文光:《美国社会保障制度的发展》,北京,中国劳动社会保障出版社,2004,第127页。

[3]Pigou,Arthur C. The Economics of Welfare. Macmillan,1924. p.123.

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[5]周志太:《外国经济学说史》,合肥,中国科学技术大学出版社,2009,第376~379页。

[6]Report by Beveridge,W.(1942)Social Insurance and Allied Services. London:HMSO,Reprinted 1995

[7]《石油危机》,百度百科mht. http:/ /baike. baidu. com/view/25178. htm[17 Jun. 2008]

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[9]韩晶:《新自由主义:金融危机的根源》,载《经济研究参考》,2009(24)。

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[12]杨帆、杨浩:《新自由主义思潮对我国社会保障制度的影响》,载《黑龙江科技信息》,2009(6)。

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-Caracciolo di Torella,E.“The Principle of Gender Equality,the Goods and Services Directive and Insurance:A Conceptual Analysis”,Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative law(13)2006-3,p.339-350.

-Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women,Concluding comments:Netherlands,2 February 2007,www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/37sess.htm

-Equal Opportunities Commission,Advisory opinion on the abolishment of the Dutch public scheme for maternity benefits for the self-employed on the basis of European law,no.2006/06,at www.cgb.nl(Dutch only).

-Equal Opportunities Commission,Opinion on equal treatment of pregnant self-employed women. Recommendations for a “equality-proof” maternity benefits scheme,no.2007/04 at www.cgb.nl(Dutch only).

-Eleveld,A.,Maternity benefits for self-employed workers,University of Leiden,Leiden 2007,at www.cgb.nl(Dutch only).

-Foubert,P.,The Legal Protection of the Pregnant Worker in the European Community. Sex Equality,Thoughts of Social and Economic Policy and Comparative Leaps to the United States of America,The Hague:Kluwer Law International 2002.

-Lester,G.,“A Defense of Paid Family Leave”,Harvard Journal of Law & Gender(28)2005-1,p.1-84.

-Monster,W.C.,E.Cremers en L.Willems,UN Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women,maternity and labour,Den Haag:Vuga 1998(Dutch only).

-Neuner,J.“Protection Against Discrimination in European Contract Law”,European Contract Law Review 2006-1,p.35-50.

-Ulrich,K.E.,“Insuring Family Risks:Suggestions for a National Family Policy and Wage Replacement”,Yale Journal of Law and Feminism(14)2002-1,p.1-68.

-Vroonhof,P.J.M.,and R.Braaksma,Private disability insurance. Unequal treatment of men and women in respect of maternity leave policy conditions,EIM:Zoetermeer 2007,www.cgb.nl(Dutch only).