“Amos Oz interviewed”:Amos Oz,Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung,February 14,1991.
“‘No blood for oil’”:Wolf Biermann,Die Zeit,February 1991.
“‘The heart of Pietism’”:Gordon Craig,The Germans(New York:Penguin Books,1984),p.87.
“He compared Saddam to Hitler”:H.M.Enzensberger,Der Spiegel,February 1991.
“the most unique fusion”:Albrecht Hüsrt von Urach,Das Geheimnis Japanischer Kraft(Berlin:Zentralverlag der NSDAP,1994).
“‘When speaking of the New World Order’”:Nakamura Tetsuo,Asahi Shimbun,February 22,1991.
“‘Hayashi’s anti-Western nationalism”:Hayashi Fnsao,Daitowa Senso Koteiron(Tokyo:Yamato Bunko,1964),p,22.
“Several months after the Gulf War”:Matsumoto Kenichi,Tokyo Shimbun,April 8,1991.
“‘For the ancient Greeks’”:Aurel Kolnai,The War Against the West(London:Victor Gollancz,1938),p.24.
“‘The ruin of the city’”:Stephen Spender,European Witness(New York:Reynal & Hitchcock,1946),p.15.
“How to purge”:Lingua Tertii Imperii,or LTI,is the title of Victor Klemperer’s book:LTI(Halle:Niemeyer Verlag,1957).
“‘hearing such words as nation’”:Yoshimoto Takaaki,Seiji Shiso(Tokyo:Daiwa Shobo,1956),p.72.
“Salomon describes the Americans”:Ernst von Salomon,Der Fragebogen(Frankfurt:Rowohlt,1951),p.648. The Questionnaire,trans. Constantine Fitz Gibbon(New York:Doubleday,1954).
“he described the bombing raids”:Sakaguchi Ango,Darakuron(Tokyo:Kadokawa Shoten,1946),pp.95,96.
“‘There was a swell’”:Wolf Dietrich Schnurre,quoted in Vaterland Mutersprache:Deutsche Schriftsteller und ihr Staat von 1945 bis beute(Berlin:Wagenbach,1979).
“‘Consumers’”:Heinrich B?ll,Hierzulande(1960),pp.367,373.
“The‘inability to mourn’”:Alexander and Margarethe Mitscherlich,The Inability to Mourn(New York:Grove Press,1975).
“‘All those who were purged’”:Letter from Helmuth Wohltat to Ministerialdirigent Dr.Reinhard,June 30,1951,at the Bundeswirtschaftsministerium.
“‘a masterpiece in the short history’”:Nosaka Akiyuki,American Hijiki,trans. J.Rubin,in Contemporary Japanese Literature(New York:Alfred A.Knopf,1977).
“He remembers how hungry”:Oshima Nagisa,Taikenteki Sengo Eizoron(Tokyo:Asahi Shimbunsha,1975),p.72.
“The past... is in our bones”:Christian Meier,Vierzig Jahre nach Auschwitz:Deutsche Geschichtserinnerung heute(Munich:Deutscher Kunstverlag,1987),pp.75,.
“‘One comes to understand’:George Steiner,Language and Silence:Essays 1958—1966(London:Faber & Faber,1967;New York:Atheneum,1967),p.137.”
“‘These Sprichw?rter’”:Stephen Spender,European Witness,p.7.
“‘the remaining rudiments’”:Hans-Jürgen Syberberg,Hitler:A Film for Germany,trans,Joachim Neugroschel(New York:Farrar,Staus and Giroux,1982),p.9.
“Peter Weiss visited Auschwitz”:The same visit is described by Amos Elon in his book Journey Through Darkness(London:Andre Deutsch,1967).
“‘through the thousand darknesses’”:Peter DemetZ,After the Fires:Writing in the Germanies,Austria,and Switzerland(New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1986),p.47.
“Weiss wrote a play”:Peter DemetZ,After the Fires:Writing in the Germanies,Austria,and Switzerland(New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1986),p.55.
“‘spiritual labor’”:Quoted in A.S?llner’s Peter Weiss und die Deutschen(Wiesbaden:Westdeutscher Verlag,1988),p.184.
“One of Hochhuth’s few”:Marcel Reich-Ranicki,Die Zeit,March 6,1964.
“‘there is not a single aspect’”:Demetz,After the Fires,p.29.
“‘As the teller’”:Das Brandopfer,by A.Goes(Frankfurt:S.Fischer Verlag,1954). The new preface was written in 1965.
“He told his story”:Wolfgang Koeppen,Jacob Littners Aufzeichnungen aus einem Erdloch(Frankfurt:Jüdischer Verlag,1992).
“An American television series”:Anton Kaes,From Hitler to Heimat:The Return of History as Film(Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1989),p.31.
“the Americans have stolen”:Anton Kaes,From Hitler to Heimat:The Return of History as Film(Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1989),p.184.
“‘the last stage’”:Heiner Müller,interview in Transatlantik(Berlin),July 1990.
“After Holocaust”:Holocaust—Briefe an den WDR,ed. Heiner Lichtenstein and MichaelSchmid Ospach(Wuppertal:Peter Hammer,1982).
“‘he doesn’t have to think’”:Martin Walser,über Deutschland reden(Frankfurt:Suhrkamp,1989),p.25.
“Hiroshima...should have been left”:Uno Masami,Doru ga Kami ni Naru Hi (Tokyo:Bungeishunju,1987),p.234.
“One of the more eccentric books”:Koochi Akira,Hiroshima no Sora ni Hiraite Rakkasan(Tokyo:Daiwa Shobo,1985).
“‘this historical amnesia’”:Die Tageszeitung,January 18,1991.
“As late as 1949”:Kyoko Hirano,Mr.Smith Goes to Tokyo:Japanese Cinema Under the American Occupation 1945—1952(Washington,D.C:Smithsonian Institution Press,1992),p.62.
“In 1983,a compendium”:Nihonno Genbaku Bungakiu(Tokyo:Hourpu,1983).
“films like Hiroshima”:Donald Richie and Joseph L.Anderson,The Japanese Film(New York:Grove Press,1960),p.219.
“‘something that occurs’”:From Hiroshima:Three Witnesses,ed,and trans. Richard Minnear(Princeton:Princeton University Press,1990).
“All the quasi-religious elements”:Oda Makoto,The Bomb,trans. D.H.Whittaker(Tokyo:Kodansha International,1990).
“His vision of the end”:From Hiroshima:Three Witnesses,p.102.
“‘disgusted once again’”:Asahi Shimbun,July 20,1992.
“Only a British writer”:Alan Booth,Asahi Evening News,July 20,1992.
“One of the few literary masterpieces”:Ibuse Masuji,Black Rain,trans. John Bester(Tokyo:Kodansha International,1969),p.283.
“His video and his booklet”:The video is entitled Katararenakatta Senso(Invasion:The War That Could Not Be Discussed). The booklet is called... So Shite,Mirta Senso ni Itta(...And So We All Went to War).
“She made this distinction”:Ruth Benedict,The Chrysanthemum and the Sword:Patterns of Japanese Culture(London:Routledge & Kegan Paul,1967;New York:Houghton Mifflin,1989;first published in 1946).
“The story made a snappy headline”:Tokyo Nichinichi Shimbun,November 30,1937.
“‘After we occupied’”:Quoted in Honda Katsuichi,“Nankin e no Michi”(“The Road to Nanking”)(Tokyo:Asahi Bunko,1989).
“He wrote it up”:Honda Katsuichi,Chugoku no Tabi(A Journey to China)(Tokyo:Asahi Bunko,1981).
“In 1984,an anti-Honda book”:Tanaka Masaaki,“Nankin Gyakusatsu”,no Kyoko(The Fabrication of the “Nanking Massacre”)(Tokyo:Nihon Kyobunsha,1984).
“Ienaga Saburo,for example,wrote”:Ienaga Saburo,The Pacific War,1931—1945(New York:Pantheon,1978),p.187.
“Heiner müller observed”:Heiner Muller in Transatlantik(Berlin)July 1990.
“‘Killing enemy soldiers’”:Ishikawa Tatsuzo,Ikiteiru Heitai(Living Soldiers),quoted in Donald keene,Davun to the West(New York:Holt,Rinehart and Winston,1984),p.913.
“few things have done more”:Hellmut Becker,Quantit?t und Qualit?t:Grundfragen der Bildungspolitik(Freiburg:Rombach,1968),p.74.
“When the American chief prosecutor”:Kranzbuhler,14 Depaul L.R.333,1965.
“‘The less the Nuremberg tribunal’”:Eric Reger in Vaterland Muttersprache(Berlin:Wagenbach,1979),p.35.
“‘a trial never seen before’”:Süddeutsche Zeitung,quoted in Klaus R.Scherpe,Erzwungener Alltag,in Nachkriegsliteratur in Westdeutschland 1945—49,eds. J.Hermand,H.Peisch,K.R.Scherpe(Berlin:Argument,1982).
“‘one of the four chief prosecutors’”:Christian Geissler in Vaterland Muttersprache,p.219.
“Stephen Spender ran into a friend”:European Witness,p.221.
“‘For us Germans’”:Karl Jaspers,Die Schuldfrage:Für V?lkermord gibt es keine Verj?hrung. My translation is not meant as a criticism of E.B.Ashton’s translation,published as The Question of German Guilt(New York:Dial,1947).
“Peter Weiss,in his play”:Peter Weiss,Die Ermittlung(Frankfurt:Suhrkamp Verlag,1965). The Investigation,trans. Jon Swan and Ulm Grosbard(New York:Atheneum,1966).
“Martin Walser wrote”Martin Walser,Unser Auschwitz (Berlin:Kursbuch,1965).
“He set out his views”:Joachim Gauck,Die Stasi-Akten(Hamburg:Rowohlt,1992).
“confrontation with Japan was inevitable”:Hasegawa Michiko,Chuo Koron,April 1983,quoted in Japan Echo,vol.Ⅺ,1984.
“In a standard history textbook”:Nihonshi(Tokyo:Yamakawade,1985).
“West German textbooks”:Grundkurs Deutsche Geschichte(Frankfurt:Cornelsen,1988).
“The story of Unit 731”:A Bruise-Terror of the 731 Corps,prod. Yoshinaga Haruko,Tokyo Broadcasting System.
“But the first time”: Morimura Seiichi,Akuma no Hoshoku(Tokyo:Banseisha,1982).
“Japanese leaders should have been tried”:Hata Ikuhiko Shokun,August 1987.
“In 1970”:Kinoshita Junji Between God and Man:A Judgement on War Crimes(Kami to Hito to no Aida),trans. Eric J.Gangloff(Tokyo:University of Tokyo Press,1979).
“The best-known Japanese book”:War Criminal:The life and Death of Hirota Koki (Rakujitsu Moyu),trans. John Bester(Tokyo:Kodansha International,1977).
“‘from our point of view’”:Yoshimoto Takaaki,Bungakusha to Senso Sekinin ni tsuite,collected in Seiji Shiso,Zenshu 3(Tokyo:Daiwa Shobo,1986).
“‘in Japan and in the Orient’”:Mignone,quoted in Arnold C.Brackman,The Other Nüremberg:The Untold Story of the Tokyo War Crime Trials(London:Collins,1989),p.231.
“‘never forget the shock’”:Ishida Takeshi,Heiwa,Jinken,Fukushi no Seijigaku(Tokyo:Meiseki Shoten,1990).
“‘These men’”:Brackman,The Other Nuremberg,p.441.
“‘The Japanese people’”:January 8,1953. Letter from Foreign Minister to Zentrale Rechtschutzstelle of the Ministry of Justice,Ⅰ Ⅰ 16338/52.
“the trial was rigged”:Yamashita’s trial:Meiron and Susan Harries,Soldiers of the Sun(New York:Random House,1991),p.464. Becker,Quantit?t and Qualit?t,p.68.
“system of irresponsibilities”:Maruyama Masao,Thought and Behavior in Modem Japanese Politics,ed. Ivan Morris(Oxford:Oxford University Press.1963).
“Saburo tells a story”:Ienaga Saburo,The Padfic War 1931—1945,p.107.
“‘They had a belief’”:The Other Nuremberg,p.276.
“‘an object on which Germans depended’”:Margarethe and Alexander Mitscherlich,The Inability to Mourn,p.23.
“the military defendants”: Aristides Lazarus,Letter to The Far Eastern Economic Review,July 6,1989.
“the general agreed”:The Other Nuremberg,p.395.
“‘Early critics’”:Kyoko Hirano,Mr.Smith Goes to Tokyo,p.143.
“During the war”:Nosaka Akiyuki,American Hijiki,in Contemporary Japanese Literature. See p.370.
“‘The non-aggression pact’”:Geschichte:Lehrbuch für Klasse 9(Berlin:Volk und Wissen Volkseigener Verlag,1989).
“a typical history textbook”:Grundkurs Deutsche Geschichte 2:1918 bis zur Gegenwart(Hirschgraben:Comelsen,1987);written by Rudolf Berg and Rolf Selbmann of the Wilhelm Gymnasium in Munich.
“‘constitutional patriotism’”:Jürgen Habermas,“Apologetische Tendenzen,” reprinted in Eine Art Schadensabwicklung(FranMurt:Suhrkamp,1987).
“‘education,just like the military’”:Yamazumi Masami quoted Yamagata Aritomo in The Japan Quarterly,1981.
“‘By basing our system’”:Japan Quarterly,1981.
“‘This tragic sight’”:Truth in Textbooks:Freedom in Education and Peace for Children,published by the National League for Support of the School Textbook Screening Suit.
“Ienaga’s explanation”:Ienaga Saburo,The Pacific War 1931—1945,p.96.
“I looked at”:Nihonshi,social studies textbook for high school students,published by Yamakawade in 1984.
“One notable scholar”:Irie Takanori,“Amerika ga Tsukutta Sengo Shinwa,” in Chuo Koron,August 1982.
“The textbook goes on”:Nihonshi(same as above).
“‘zeal to make people reflect’”:Morikawa Kinju,Kyokasho to Saiban(Tokyo:Iwanami Shoten,1990),p.13.
“‘People relate’”:Jürgen Habermas,“Kein Normalisierung,” reprinted in Eine Art Schadensabwicklung.
“In an essay”:Eto Jun,Yasukuni Ronshu(Tokyo:Nihon Kyobunsha,1986).
“‘the search for our lost history’”:Michael Stürmer,Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung,April 25,1986.
“‘where we came from’”:Helmut Kohl,speech in the Bundestag,February 27,1985.
“‘History does not belong’”:Freimut Duve,quoted in Deutsches Historisches Museum:Ideen-Kontrorversen-Perspektiven,ed Christoph St?lzl(Frankfurt,Berlin:Propyl?en Verlag,1988).
“‘Perhaps one cannot’”:Primo Levi,afterword to If This Is a Man and The Truce(London:Penguin,1979),p.395.
“a blistering editorial comment”:Theo Sommer,Die Zeit,November 18,1988.
He was shot through his lungs”:Motoshima’s shooting is described in Norma Field,In the Realm of a Dying Emperor:A Portrait of Japan at Century’s End(New York:Pantheon,1991),p.270.
“‘an act of extreme indiscretion’”:LDP Disciplinary Committee,Asahi Evening News,December 16,1988.
guilt versus shame”:Ruth Benedict,The Chrysanthemum and the Sword,p.156.
The mayor received a letter”:Shinto priest:Nagasaki Shicho e no 7300 tsu no Tegami:Ten no no Senso Sekinin(The 7300 Letters to the Mayor of Nagasaki:On the Question of Emperor’s War Guilt)(Tokyo:Komichi Shobo,1989).
“Dr.Toda”:Endo Shuaku,The Sea and Poison,trans. Michael Gallagher(Rutland,Vt.:Tuttle,1973),p.157.
“Around the time”:Eto Jun and Ishihara Shintaro,Bungei Shunju,March 1989.
“He described the Shinto rite”:Kase Hideaki,Pureiboi(Playboy),January 1989.
“‘The emperor system’”:Asahi Shimbun,February 28,1989.
“Itami Mansaku wrote an article”:Quoted in Oshima Nagisa,Taikenteki:Sengo Eizoron(Tokyo:Asuhi Shimbunsha,1975),p.275.
“A Thousand Absolutely Normal Years”:Tausend ganz mormale Jahre:Ein Photoalbum des gew?hnlichen Faschismus von Otto Weber(N?rdlingen:Die Andere Bibliothek,1987).
“a book about his findings”:Nozoe Kenji,Hanaoka Jiken no Hitotachi(Tokyo:Shiso no Kagakusha,1975). Nozoe wrote two more books about the Hanaoka Incident,entitled Kikigaki Hanaoka Jiken(1983)and Shogen:Hanaoka Jiken(19S6),and published a revised edition of Kikinaki Hanaoka Jiken(1990).
“‘I developed a visceral distrust’”:Nozoe Kenji,Watashitachi no Showashi(Tokyo:Shiso no Kagakusha,1989),p.66.
“‘Always somewhere behind me’”:Günter Grass,The Tin Drum,trans. Ralph Manheim(New York:Penguin,1961),p.580.
“‘faced with their history’”:Sakaguchi Ango,Darakuron(Tokyo:Kadokawa Shoten,1946),pp.90,98.
“‘His face is turned’”:Walter Benjamin,Illuminations,ed. Hannah Arendt,trans. H.Zohn(New York:Schocken,1969),p.70.
“‘It did what the world’”:Grass,The Tin Drum,p.517.
“Arthur Miller’s worries”:Arthur Miller,The Guardian,May 29,1990.
“‘select the stones from the ruins’”:Kurt Niedlich,Das Mythenbuch:Die Germanische Mythen-und M?rchenwelt als Quelle deutscher Weltanschauung(Leipzig,1936),quoted in Klaus Antoni,Der himmlische Herrscher und sein Staat(Munich:Iudicium Verlag,1991),p.111.