相关信息
代前言 关于劳动力流动与城镇贫困问题的几点战略性思考
Preface Some Strategic Thinking on Rural-Urban Migration in China
Ⅰ 农民工贫困:分析模型与反贫困实践*
一 研究背景
(一)政策定义的中国贫困问题
(二)关于“贫困”含义的讨论
二 研究问题与假设命题
三 分析模型与核心概念
1.流动性
2.能力贫困
3.社会排斥
4.农民工贫困
四 对模型的分析与验证
(一)职业流动与技能不足
(二)流动与城市生活知识不足
(三)空间流动与社会支持网的弱化
(四)城市社会的歧视与排斥
外部因素的影响
政府政策
劳动力市场
(五)结论与未来的问题
五 项目实践:探讨分析模型背后的政策含义
1.技能培训
2.加强健康、法律意识
3.网络建设
4.社会融合
Ⅱ 农民工社区重建:一种积极的项目策略或政策措施*
一 目前的政策框架与讨论
(一)户籍制度
(二)劳动力市场
(三)社会保障
(四)其他对农民工有利的政策
(五)面临的挑战
二 农民工的社区重建
(一)农村社区
(二)城市社区
(三)农民工社区
(四)农民工社区重建
三 社区重建的项目实践
(一)以输出地为基础的社区重建
(二)以文化认同为基础的社区重建
(三)以居住地为基础的社区重建
四 结论与建议
Ⅲ 市场条件下中国农村劳动力转移问题与政策选择
一 研究背景
二 中国农民工的困境是市场为主导的分配体系的基本现实
(一)以工业化、城市化为三农问题的出路——不可忽视的国际限制
(二)中国城市化的“滞后”——市场竞争对劳动力要素配置的结果
(三)中国农村劳动力素质——市场条件下劳动力转移的重要限制
1.文化程度状况
2.技术等级或职称状况
3.本季度供求热点排行榜
(四)“民工荒”现象所引发的思考
三 政策建议讨论
(一)全面实施面向市场的农村劳动力资源提升战略
(二)作为“二元”的另一极——重建非市场紧密型乡村经济—社会
1.再谈建立新型“二元”混合型经济与社会的合理性
2.混合型“二元”经济—社会的非对立性发展
四 农村劳动力的弹性城市化
弹性城市化的基本内容
弹性城市化的意义
农村人口弹性城市化过程的促进与管理
农村劳动力权益保障政策建议
五 中国农村地区社会保障和“安全网”的概念——新乡村建设的战略目标
六 结语
——农民工问题:建设和谐、互补、相互促进的新型城乡关系
Ⅳ 建立农村劳动力输出地和输入地之间的网络
一 中国的农村劳动力流动
(一)输出地和输入地相对集中:城市—农村,东部/沿海—中西部/内陆
城乡之间的不均衡发展
区域之间的不均衡发展
输出地和输入地的集中趋势
(二)农村外出务工的劳动力:漂泊在输出地和输入地之间
(三)困境:同时处于输出地和输入地政府的考虑之外
1.工作
2.技能培训
3.住房
4.教育
5.医疗
二 农民、国家和地方政府之间的关系
1.农民和国家
2.输出地和输入地的地方政府
3.输出地和输入地农民和地方政府的关系
(一)农民和国家的关系
(二)输出地和输入地地方政府之间的关系
中国行政体系存在的困境
地方政府合作的可能性
(三)农民和地方政府的关系
农民和输出地地方政府的关系
农民和输入地政府的关系
三 建立输出地和输入地之间的网络
(一)中央政府付出的努力
相关政策
政策的个案研究
结果
(二)输出地和输入地的地方政府所付出的努力
早期的努力
近期的努力:泛珠三角劳务合作网络
评论
四 “城市青年外来务工者贫困扶助”项目的实践
(一)成功的个案*
模式1:赤峰个案——在农村劳动力的输出地和输入地建立为农村外出务工者服务的组织
模式2:昆明个案——利用所有现存的政府资源建立输出地和输入地之间的网络
模式3:上海个案——四合一的就业链
(二)不成功的个案:金堂个案——以输出地政府为主建立输出地和输入地之间的网络
五 政策建议
Ⅴ 非正规就业与中国女性进城务工者的发展*
一 背景
二 非正规就业的定义、现状与优势分析
1.非正规就业的定义
2.非正规就业的现状
3.非正规就业的优势
三 非正规就业的社会性别化特点及问题分析
(一)进城务工女性从事非正规就业的原因分析
(二)进城务工女性从事非正规就业的预期分析
(三)进城务工女性从事非正规就业面临的问题
1.政策法规方面对从业者劳动权益保护的缺失
2.非正规就业劳动力市场、行业规范等不成熟
3.游离于两个社会安全网络带来的社会保障危机
4.市场与资本带给非正规就业女性从业者发展的有限性
5.女性的性别角色加上在劳务关系中的非平等主体地位,亦即女性从农村中的传统意义上的自由劳动者身份转变为市场中的雇佣劳动身份,造成非正规就业领域中的女性进城务工者双重不利的处境
四 改善非正规就业的从业者境况的实践及讨论
(一)法律法规、行业规范问题及对策尝试
1.近年来,法律法规方面的缺失已经引起了政府逐渐重视,从中央到地方都从法律法规的完善角度做出了一些意在更好地保护非正规就业者权益的尝试,这些尝试的核心是理顺劳动关系
2.以家政服务业为例,行业规范或行业立法的相关尝试
(二)从整顿行业秩序的角度的尝试
(三)社会安全网络与社会保障方面的尝试
1.北京
2.上海
(四)政府干预角度的尝试
1.上海
2.大连
3.赤峰
(五)项目介入角度的尝试
1.赋权增权
2.致力于政策环境的改善
3.致力于社会环境的改善
4.致力于法律环境的改善
5.加强社会安全网络的建设
6.建立非正规就业的女性进城务工者自我支持小组
五 小结及政策性建议
Ⅵ 改善农民工基本权益*
一 背景
农民工及其权益问题的出现
农民工的权益遭遇
政府的新行动与新政策
关于权益概念的界说
二 影响农民工基本权益的因素
户口制度
☆户口作用的变化
☆户口作用的路径
☆户口作用的差异性
☆是否取消户口
政策
☆政策空隙
☆政府弥合政策空隙的努力
☆政策执行的变相
市场
☆市场机制
☆市场中的不规范行为
☆市场信息不对称问题
☆农民工在市场中的逻辑
国际政治经济因素
☆遏制中国
☆遏制下的发展策略
简短结论
三 改善农民工基本权益的对策探索
主要原则
☆“民生为本”原则
☆“能力本位”和“参与”原则
☆整合与勾连原则
☆注重差异原则
☆“小处着手,大处着眼”原则
路径设计
项目实践与经验
☆就业→维权
☆培训→维权
关于培训机构
关于经验
☆援助→维权
☆宣传→维权
☆公寓→维权
☆网络→维权
四 讨论与建议
如何实现从“小处着手”到“大处着眼”的跃迁
1.寻找“合适”的合作伙伴
2.创新工作方式和方法
3.注重规模效益
解决维权问题的根本出路:超越权益问题
Ⅶ 中国农村劳动力流动:对政策的挑战
一 概要
(一)全文纲要
政策框架
项目实践
政策建议
政策执行的监控与评估
(二)事实与数据
关于中国的农民工*
农村劳动力相关政策的历史回顾
二 背景
(一)国家
(二)农村劳动力流动*与政策挑战
农民工的贫困
扶贫的政策空档
地区多样性
性别问题
地方发展
(三)机构与利益相关者
政府机构
国际组织与本地非政府机构
学术单位
农民工及其家庭
雇主
志愿者
(四)资源
三 政策框架
(一)目前的政策
户籍制度的松动
公平对待农民工
新的措施
(二)政策效果
(三)政策策略
(四)政策对策
四 项目实践
(一)项目介绍
扶贫
性别视角
网络建设
地方发展
培训培训者
(二)预期效果
项目执行
五 政策涵义
(一)教训
(二)潜在的负面效应
(三)规划政策的执行
(四)复制性与推广性
六 项目执行的监控与评估
(一)前期评估
(二)评估指标
定性指标
定量指标
(三)政策反馈
(四)政策调控
后记 保障合法权益,引导有序转移
1.输入地与输出地结合
2.研究者与实践者结合
3.摸索互补、共赢的机制
4.加强各类培训
5.促进就地转移
6.尊重各地的差异与创新
7.性别的视角
8.把农民工问题纳入社会主义新农村建设中
9.长远与眼前的结合
附录 中国社会科学院与联合国教科文组织“城市青年外来务工者贫困扶助”项目简介
一 行动研究
二 三结合机制
三 各项目点情况简介
(一)北京分项目
北京分项目的主要活动
评论
(二)四川省成都分项目
成都分项目的主要活动
评论
(三)内蒙古赤峰分项目
赤峰分项目的主要活动
评论
(四)辽宁大连分项目
大连分项目的主要活动
评论
(五)云南迪庆分项目
迪庆分项目的主要活动
评论
(六)云南省昆明分项目
昆明分项目的主要活动
评论
(七)上海分项目
上海分项目的主要活动
评论
(八)河北省逐鹿分项目
逐鹿分项目的主要活动
评论
Ⅰ Migrant Workers’ Mobility and Poverty in China:an Analytical Framework and Policy Implications
1.Background
1.1 Poverty issues in China
1.2 Problems of poverty definition
2.Assumption
3.Data sources
4.Building up an analytical framework
4.1 Migrant workers’ mobility
4.2 Migrant workers’ poverty
4.3 Defining migrant workers’ poverty
5.Four types of poverty
5.1 Lack of skills
5.2 Knowledge shortage
5.3 Weakness of social support network
5.4 Discrimination and exclusion
6.External factors
6.1 Governmental policies
6.2 Labor market
7.Anti-poverty practice and policy implications
7.1 Summary of analysis of poverty among migrant workers
7.2 Strategies of poverty reduction
Capacity building
Network building
Social inclusion
7.3 Practices of poverty reduction
i.Two key features of poverty reduction in the project
ii.Some innovative ways and examples
a.skill training
b.Knowledge accessing programs for migrants
c.network building
d.social inclusion
8.Policy Implications
Ⅱ Rebuilding Rural Migrants’Communities*
1.Policy framework and on-going arguments
1.1 Hukou System
1.2 Labor market
1.3 Social Security
1.4 Pro-migrant policies
1.5 Remained Challenges
2.Community rebuilding for migrants
2.1 Rural community
2.2 Urban community
2.3 Rural migrants’ community
2.4 Community rebuilding for migrants
3.Relevant work of community rebuilding in 2002—2004
3.1 Community rebuilding based on locality
3.2 Community rebuilding based on cultural resources
3.3 Community rebuilding based on governmental policies
4.Suggestions for the project
Ⅲ Poverty Issues of Migrant Laborers in Market Conditions
Introduction
1.Insights on China’s urban migrant laborer issue
2.Case study of dalian labor market
3.Policy Advice
3.1 Upgrade the rural labor quality
3.2 Rebuilding non-market rural economy/society
3.2.1 The rationality of “new dualism”
(1)The industry expansion in the global market will keep on bringing the urbanization?
(2)The urbanization is reproachless?
(3)A kind of realistic:“to-and-fro” migration
3.2.2 Mixed dualism economy/social harmony development
3.Rural labor and flexible urbanization
3.1 The content of flexible urbanization
3.2 The significance of the flexible urbanization
3.3 The promotion and management of the rural labor flexible urbanization
(1)Urbanization of rural laborers
(2)Guarantee of the economic,social and legal rights and interests of migrant workers
(3)“Safety nets” in China’s rural areas for the flowing rural labors
4.Conclusion
5.Epilogue
Ⅳ Establishing the Network between Sending and Receiving Places of Rural Migrants
1.Rural-urban labor migration in China
1.1 Aggregation of origins and destinations:urban vs. rural,eastern/coastal vs. western & central/interior
Rural-urban uneven development
Regional uneven development
Aggregation of sending and receiving places of rural migrants
1.2 Rural migrants:floating between sending and receiving places
1.3 A dilemma:out of considerations of governments of sending and receiving places
2.Relationships:Peasants,the State and Local governments *
2.1 The relationship between the peasants and the state
2.2 Relationships between local governments of sending and receiving places
Administrative system in China
Problems of administrative system in China
Possibility of local governments’ coordination
2.3 Relationships between peasants and local governments
Relationship between peasants and local government in sending places
Relationship between peasants and local governments in receiving places
3.Establish the network between sending and receiving places
3.1 Efforts of the central government
Related Policies
Case Study of Policies
- Receiving places
- Sending places
- Comments
- Receiving places
- Sending places
- Comments
Results
3.2 Efforts of local governments in sending and receiving places
Earlier efforts
Recent efforts:Pan-Pearl River Delta Region Labor Service Partnership Network
Comments
4.Practices of “Urban Poverty Reduction among Rural Young Migrants” project
4.1 More successful cases*
Model 1:Chifeng case—Establish service organization for rural migrants between sending and receiving places
Model 2:Kunming case—make use of existing governmental resources to establish the network
Model 3:Shanghai case—the four-section employment chain
4.2 Less successful case:Jintang case—Local government of Sending place to establish the network
5.Policy Recommendations
Appendix
Note:
Ⅴ Possibilities and Limitations of Informal Employment of Female Migrants in China *
1.Background
2.Definition and development of informal employment
2.1 Definition of informal employment
2.2 Development of informal employment
2.3 The advantages of informal employment
3.Gender characteristics and problem analysis
3.1 Reasons of female migrants’ pursuing informal employment
3.2 Anticipation analyses of female migrants in informal employment
3.3 Problem analysis of female migrant laborers in informal employment
First,the ignorance of protection and regulations of informal employment in the standing laws and regulation
Secondly,the disorder of labor market
Thirdly,the lack of protection from social welfare
Fourthly,Female migrant laborers’ beauty,even sex as merchandise in the market
4.Practices of improving the laborer’s status of informal employment and a discussion
4.1 Practices to perfect the standing law and regulations
4.2 Practices to formalize the informal employment by guild regulations
4.3 Efforts on pushing the labor market in order
4.4 Practices through government intervention
4.5 Practices of CASS-UNESCO project intervention
5.A short conclusion and policy suggestions
Ⅵ Improving Basic Rights of Migrant Workers
1.Background
1.1 Appearance of migrant workers and problems of their basic rights
1.2 Encounter of migrant workers in the field of basic rights
1.3 New actions and policies of the government
1.4 On the notion of rights
2.Factors impacting upon migrant workers’ basic rights
2.1 Hukou System
Change of functions
Pathway of Function
Difference in Functioning
Whether cancel Hukou system or not
2.2 Policy
Gap of policy and efforts to bridge it up
“Policy transformation” during the implementation
2.3 Market
The mechanism of market
Unlawful behaviors in the market
Migrant workers’ own logic in the market
2.4 International/global Factors
Keeping China within limits
Seeking for development in difficulties
2.5 Brief Summary
3.Improvement strategies & countermeasures
3.1 Main principles of the project
Target at people’s livelihood
Emphasis for ability building and participation
Integration of resources and coalition of departments
Attention to diversity
For improvement of policy in the end
3.2 Path of Action
3.3 Practice and Experiences of the Projects
Employment→Improving basic rights
Training →Improving basic rights
Law aiding →Improving basic rights
Publicity →Improving basic rights
Flats→Improving basic rights
Network→ Improving basic rights
4.Discussions & suggestions
4.1 How to transfer “concrete action” to “terminal goal”
4.2 Ultimate way:surpass issue of rights
Ⅶ Rural Labour Migration in China:Challenges for Policies
1.Introduction
1.1 Summary
Legal framework
Change initiative:an ongoing UNESCO project
Proposed policy implications
Monitoring and evaluation during implementation
1.2 Key facts
Facts about Rural Migrant Labourers in China
A historical review on policies concerning rural labour migration:1949—2000
2.Context
2.1 The country
2.2 Rural labour migration* and policy challenges
Poverty among migrants
Policy gap in poverty reduction
Regional diversity
Gender issues
Local development
2.3 Agents and stakeholders
Governmental agencies
International organizations and local NGOs
Academics
Migrant labourers and their families
Employers
Volunteers
2.4 Resources
3.Policy framework
3.1 Current policies
Relaxing the Hukou System
Ensuring fair treatment of rural migrants
New concrete measures
3.2 Policy experiences
3.3 Policy options
3.4 Concrete recommendations
4.Change initiative:an ongoing UNESCO project
4.1 Project Initiatives
Poverty reduction
Gender perspective
Network building
Local development
Training of trainers
4.2 Intended effects
4.3 Aspects of implementation
5.Proposed policy implication
5.1 Lessons learned
5.2 Potential problems or barriers
5.3 Potential harmful consequences
5.4 Plans for implementation
5.5 Duplicability/transferability
6.Monitoring and evaluation during implementation
6.1 Preliminary evaluation
Three strengths
Two Weaknesses
Two opportunities
Two threats
6.2 Indicators for assessment
Qualitative indicators
Quantitative indication
6.3 Feedback
6.4 Control
Afterword Policy Considerations on Rural-urban Migrants:Balancing Legal Rights and Social Order
1.Defining status of rural migrants
2.Meanings
3.Consistency with policies of central government
4.Basic Judgements
5.Cooperation between different parts
6.Experiences and suggestions
(1)Establishing the network between sending and receiving places of rural migrants.
(2)The findings of the project “Together with migrants” and of other researches
(3)Combining researchers with practicers
(4)Exploring complementary and win-win mechanism
(5)Providing more training sessions
(6)Promoting to transfer from agriculture to off-farm sectors at local areas
(7)Respecting different situation at local level and their innovation to deal with the issues under the local situation
(8)Gender perspective
(9)Dealing with issues related to rural migrants within the framework of the New-countryside Construction
(10)Standing from the present and looking forward to the future
Appendix Brief Introduction of CASS-UNESCO Project of “Poverty Reduction among Young Migrants in Urban Areas” in China
1.Action Research
2.Triangle Pattern
3.Brief introduction of project activities and effectiveness of all sub-projects
(1)Beijing sub-project
The main activities of Beijing sub-project
Comments
(2)Chengdu sub-project,Sichuan
The main activities of Chengdu sub-project
Comments
(3)Chifeng sub-project,Inner Mongolia
The main activities of Chifeng sub-project
Comments
(4)Dalian sub-project,Liaoning
The main activities of Dalian sub-project
Comments
(5)Diqing sub-project,Yunnan
The main activities of Diqing sub-project
Comments
(6)Kunming sub-project,Yunnan
The main activities of Kunming sub-project
Comments
(7)Shanghai sub-project
The main activities of Shanghai sub-project
Comments
(8)Zhuolu sub-project,Hebei
Main activities of Zhuolu sub-project
Comments
Foreword Migrants:from Research to Action
序言 农民工:从研究到行动
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