篇章数

20

引证文献

0 !

参考文献

729

中国经济增长的新源泉(第1卷):改革、资源能源与气候变化图书

China's New Sources of Economic Growth (Volume 1): Reform, Resources, and Climate Change

SSAPID:101-0380-8385-88
ISBN:978-7-5201-0650-4
DOI:
ISSN:

[内容简介] 本书针对近年来中国经济增速的下滑,从供给侧角度出发,探讨中国如何启动经济增长的新源泉。全书分为两部分,第一部分包括宏观经济的展望、新经济增长模式、新型城镇化、互联网金融的发展、供给侧结构性改革、中国的全球投资、农民工的储蓄与消费行为、证券市场的泡沫检验、企业层面的杠杆率与去杠杆进程等;第二部分包括中国低碳城市发展、能源政策的变化、钢铁产业重组、工业用水和能耗趋势、水资源和森林资源的保护、电力行业与环境保护的关系以及中国气候环境战略面临的挑战等。

相关信息

丛书名:“中国经济前沿”丛书
编 辑:陈欣;崔红霞;周晓静
出版社:社会科学文献出版社
出版时间: 2017年06月
语 种:中文
中图分类:F8 财政、金融

 本书撰稿人

 供给视角下中国经济增长的新源泉

  供给视角下中国经济增长的新源泉

   引言

   从刘易斯到索洛:中国的人口转型

    生产率变革

    宏观经济政策与投资所发挥的作用

    公平与环境舒适度

   第一部分:改革与宏观经济发展

    “新常态”下的经济增长

    经济发展与人口转型

    金融市场绩效与改革

   第二部分:资源、能源、环境与气候变化

 改革与宏观经济发展

  新经济增长模式主要进程缓慢

   新经济增长模式的官方声明和政策

   经济发展的成果及前景

   制度变革和生产率增长

   包容性增长的发展

   经济增长的环境影响

  中国新型城镇化如何成为经济增长源泉

   一 引言

   二 中国增长奇迹及其城镇化引擎

   三 现有城镇化模式的人口学分解

   四 新型城镇化创造改革红利

   五 结论和政策建议

  中国经济增长预测:2020~2030年

   一 引言

   二 经济增长的供给侧影响因素:模型分析

   三 经济增长的需求侧讨论

   四 经济增长预测:2020~2030年

    (一)常规情景

    (二)危机情景

    (三)改革和结构再平衡情景

     1.去杠杆化

     2.以改革促进消费—储蓄结构调整

     3.改革行政体制,降低行政成本

   五 结论

   附录 数据及模型说明

  中国经济增长及生产率表现的行业因素:1980~2012年China Update)的论文《中国工业全要素生产率的增长》的基础上的一个扩展,包括了所有非工业部门。这个研究的部分结果也曾经在澳大利亚储备银行(RBA)2016年中国经济研讨会和亚洲开发银行研究所(ADBI)2015年中国经济研讨会上报告和讨论过。感谢深尾京司、韩雪慧、何文胜、黄益平、James Laurenceson、Peter Robertson、John Simon、宋立刚、Marcel Timmer、Rod Tyers、王勇、胡永泰、吴延瑞对本章或其更早版本提出的建设性意见。本章所报告的是日本经济、贸易和工业研究所(RIETI)与一桥大学经济研究所共同资助支持的中国行业生产率(CIP/KLEMS)数据库项目的中期成果。文责自负。">*

   引言

   关于政府的角色

   对TFP行业来源的核算

   数据、行业分组和历史分期

    中国分行业生产率数据库(CIP/KLEMS)

    行业分组

    历史分期

   估计结果和讨论

    APPF框架下的增长因素分解

    总量经济TFP增长的行业因素

    再分配效应

   结论

   附录

  在中国互联网能够彻底改变金融业吗?

   引言

   最新发展

   创新还是泡沫?

   三个重要因素:宽松的监管、服务的缺乏和交易的便利

   P2P的案例研究

   对监管的影响

  软预算约束的终结

   2016年上半年的中国新闻

   对供给侧问题的观察

   不良贷款再回经济舞台中心

   金融动荡、财政危机、僵尸企业和低TFP增长率

   经济政策的相关议题

  城乡流动人口家庭的消费和收入:2008~2014年*

   引言

   背景

   消费和储蓄的数据和总体趋势

   总体特征和分配的角度

   城乡人口流动限制以及消费/储蓄模式

   家庭特征

   对城乡流动人口消费和储蓄情况的解读

   主要结果

    储蓄和汇款

   结论

   附录

  全球投资者——中国*

   中国对外直接投资和国家治理研究

   环境与社会保障

   互惠互利

   今后中国投资的发展方向

  先老后富:全球背景下的中国人口与经济动态转型*

   引言

   中国人口老龄化:实证研究

   关于邬氏人口和收入框架的拓展模型

    邬氏模型的拓展框架

   分析框架的转换矩阵

    先老后富:比较研究

   讨论

   结论

   附录

  泡沫检验:来自上证A股繁荣与崩盘的证据

   引言

   文献综述

   理论模型背景

   SADF检验和GSADF检验的模型设定与日期标记策略

    模型设定

    日期标记策略

   数据

   SADF和GSADF的检验结果

    SADF检验

    GSADF检验

   多重泡沫的繁荣与破灭分析

    次贷危机泡沫阶段(2006年10月~2009年1月)

    新泡沫生成阶段(2014年5月~2015年7月)

   结论

  中国公司杠杆模式变迁*

   引言

   中国公司债务及其杠杆水平的近期走向

   产业调研的佐证

   上市公司的佐证

   上市公司杠杆剖析

   中国上市公司杠杆模型

   模型和数据

   研究结果

   结语

   附录

 资源、能源、环境与气候变化

  评估中国低碳城市发展:对五个试点城市的实证研究*

   一 引言

   中国的低碳城市

   低碳城市实施情况的评估

   低碳城市发展指标:指标选择

   分配权重*

   指数的计算

   评估低碳城市的发展水平

   评估低碳城市发展的总体水平

   从不同指标角度评估低碳城市的发展水平

   深圳

   杭州

   南昌

   天津

   保定

   结论和政策建议

  中国钢铁产业重整中的问题与前景

   引言

   中国钢铁产业在21世纪的扩张和表现

   市场失灵、同质产品竞争和糟糕的行业绩效

   市场失灵和国有企业经营刚性

   中国钢铁产业改革与重整的前景

  基于分解分析的中国工业用水和能耗的趋势差异研究*

   引言

   文献综述

   方法和数据

    驱动因素

    研究方法

   数据来源

   结果与讨论

    递减的淡水取用和增长的能源消费

    相互影响的经济增长与资源利用强度

    水资源利用和能源消耗的结构变化效应差异

    重点部门的节能节水潜力

    电力/热力供应部门

    黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业

    其他工业部门

   结论

  超越森林之外:来自中国黄土高原生态修复工程的经验教训

   引言

   黄土高原:一个案例研究

   识别关键的成功因素

    动机因素

    有利条件

    执行因素

   对可持续性的挑战

   前瞻:重建重度荒漠化地区的生态修复策略

  助力中国低碳经济转型的政策与举措*

   引言

   能源与环境目标

   减排政策与措施

    千家企业节能行动计划

    万家企业节能减排低碳行动计划

    强制关停小型电厂,建设大型高效电厂

    利好的经济政策

    可再生能源的利用

    低碳省份和低碳城市试点

    理顺能源价格形成机制

    资源税改革

    环境税

    碳排放交易试点

   结论

  实现经济转型与缓和气候变化:中国的战略、政策及走向*

   引言

   需求层面:经济增长模式与能源消费模式

   需求层面的变迁:GDP、能耗强度与能源消费

   中期需求层面:发展轨迹、风险与机遇

   供应层面:超越煤耗峰值

   中国能源供应的多元化:动机、衡量指标和成果

   降低温室气体排放的措施本身

   中期能源供应:没有增长的转型?

   结语

  中国电力产业绿色化问题研究

   引言

   对中国电力部门的外部环境成本的评估

   中国的电力市场改革的环境足迹

    中国电力市场改革的第一阶段:1949~1984年

    中国电力市场发展的第二阶段:全面改革

    电价改革及其对环境的影响

    电力投资改革及其对环境的影响

    垂直垄断改革及其对环境的影响

   中国环境法规及其对电力产业二氧化碳排放量的影响

    中国的环境监管政策

    样本和数据

    二氧化碳排放量

    环境规制的类型

    模型

    研究结果

   结论:中国电力产业的绿色化未来

   附录

  中国的城市密度与碳排放*

   引言

   文献综述

   数据和变量

    能源消耗

    二氧化碳排放量

     二氧化碳排放总量和运输部门的二氧化碳排放量

     市内通勤所产生的二氧化碳排放量

    因变量

    解释变量

     城市密度

     收入水平

     能源强度

     产业结构变量

     贸易开放度

     外国直接投资

   中国城市密度程式化事实

   实证分析

    城市密度和通勤相关的人均二氧化碳排放量(CPCCEs)

    城市密度和交通运输相关的人均二氧化碳排放量(TPCCEs)

    城市密度和城市系统相关的人均二氧化碳排放量(UPCCEs)

   结论

本书针对近年来中国经济增速的下滑,从供给侧角度出发,探讨中国如何启动经济增长的新源泉,论证了通过改革进一步提高劳动生产率的重要性。全书分为两个部分,第一部分为“改革与宏观经济发展”,主要内容包括宏观经济的展望、新经济增长模式、新型城镇化、互联网金融的发展、供给侧结构性改革、中国的全球投资、农民工的储蓄与消费行为、证券市场的泡沫检验、企业层面的杠杆率与去杠杆进程等;第二部分为“资源、能源、环境与气候变化”,主要内容包括中国低碳城市发展、能源政策的变化、钢铁产业重组、工业用水和能耗趋势、水资源和森林资源的保护、电力行业与环境保护的关系以及中国气候环境战略面临的挑战等。

Aoki,M. (2012),Five phases of economic development and institutional evolution in China,Japan and Korea,in M. Aoki,T. Kuran and G. R. Roland (eds),Institutions and comparative economic development,Basingstoke,UK:Palgrave Macmillan.

Bai,C. and Zhang,Q. (2014),The rates of return to capital and the analysis of the determinants,The World Economy,10:3-30.

Cai,F. (2016),Understanding the slowdown of the Chinese economy:A supply-side perspective,Working Paper,Beijing:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.

Cai,R and Lu,Y. (2013),The end of China’s demographic dividend:The perspective of potential GDP growth,in R. Garnaut,F. Cai and L. Song (eds),China:A new model for growth and development,Canberra:ANU E Press.

Fei,J. C. H. and Ranis,G. (1964),Development of the labor surplus economy:theory and policy,Homewood,Ill.:Richard D. Irwin for the Economic Growth Center,Yale University.

Garnaut,R. (2015),The new model of growth and the global resources economy,in L. Song,R. Garnaut,F. Cai and L. Johnson (eds),China’s domestic transformation in a global context,Canberra:ANU Press.

Garnaut,R.,Cai,F. and Song,L. (eds) (2013),China:A new model for growth and development,Canberra:ANU E Press.

Garnaut,R. and Song,L. (eds) (2006),The turning point in China’s economic development,Canberra:ANUE Press.

Lewis,W. A. (1954). Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour. Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies,Vol. XXII (May),pp. 139-191.

Manuelli,R. and Seshadri,A. (2014),Human capital and the wealth of nations,The American Economic Review,104(9):2736-2762.

McMillan,M. S. and Rodrik,D. (2011),Globalization,structural change and productivity growth,NBER Working Paper No. 17143,Cambridge,Mass.:National Bureau of Economic Research.

Minami,R. (1973),The turning point in economic development:Japan’s experience,Tokyo:Kinokuniya Bookstore.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (various years),China Statistical Yearbook,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

Song,L.,Garnaut,R.,Cai,F. and Johnson,L. (eds) (2015),China’s domestic transformation in a global context,Canberra:ANU Press.

The Conference Board (2015),The Conference Board total economy database:Summary tables,New York:The Conference Board. Available from:conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/.

BP (2015),Energy charting tool,London:BP. Available from:bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/energy-economics/energy-charting-tool.html.

Callaghan,M. and Hubbard,P. (2016),The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank:Multilateralism on the Silk Road,China Economic Journal 9(2):116-139.

China Electricity Council (various years). Available from:www.cec.org.cn/guihuayutongji/tongjxinxi/.

The Conference Board Total Economy Database (2015). Available from:www.conference-board.org/data/economy database/index.cfm?id=27762.

Garnaut,R. (2015),The new model of growth and the global resources economy,in L. Song,R. Garnaut,F. Cai and L. Johnston (eds),China’s domestic transformation in a global context,Canberra and Beijing:ANU Press and Social Sciences Academic Press.

Garnaut,R.,Cai,F. and Song,L. (eds) (2013a),China:A new model for growth and development,Canberra and Beijing:ANU E Press and China Social Sciences Academic Press.

Garnaut,R.,Cai,F. and Song,L. (2013b),China’s new strategy for long-term growth and development:Imperatives and implications,in R. Garnaut,F. Cai and L. Song (eds),China:A new model for growth and development,Canberra and Beijing:ANU E Press and China Social Sciences Academic Press.

Huang,Y.,Fang,F.,Xu,P. and Xin,G. (2013),The new normal of Chinese development,in R. Garnaut,F. Cai and L. Song (eds),China:A new model for growth and development,Canberra and Beijing:ANU E Press and China Social Sciences Academic Press.

National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBS) (various years),China statistical yearbook,Beijing:China Statistics Press. Available from:www.stats.gov.cn/english/Statisticaldata/AnnualData.

Naughton,B. (2016),Rebalancing,restructuring and reform:China 2016,Sydney:Reserve Bank of Australia. Available from:rba.gov.au/publications/confs/2016/pdf/rba-conference-2016-naughton.pdf.

Perkins,D. H. (2013),New institutions for a new development model,in R. Garnaut,F. Cai and L. Song (eds),China:A new model for growth and development,Canberra and Beijing:ANU E Press and China Social Sciences Academic Press.

State Administration of Foreign Exchange (2015),Annual Report of State Administration of Foreign Exchange. Available from:www.safe.gov.cn/wps/portal/english/Home.

Wong,C. (2015),Can Xi Jinping’s reforms be implemented? Let’s look at China’s fiscal architecture,Presentation to Centre for Contemporary Chinese Studies Academic Seminar,University of Melbourne,Melbourne,5 March.

World Bank,World Development Indicators. Available from:data.worldbank. org/country/china.

World Bank (various years),World Development Indicators. Available from:data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators.

World Steel Association (2015),Crude steel production 2014-2015,Brussels:World Steel Association. Available from:worldsteel.org/statistics/crude-steel-production.html.

Xi,J. (2012),Speech to the Politburo Standing Committee Members’ meeting,12 November 2012. Available from:www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-20338586.

Yu,Y. (2009),China’s policy responses to the global financial crisis,The 2009 Snape Lecture,Melbourne:Australian Productivity Commission. Available from:pc.gov.au/news-media/snape-lectures/yongding.

Aoki,M. (2012),Five phases of economic development and institutional evolution in China,Japan and Korea,in M. Aoki,T. Kuran and G. R. Roland (eds),Institutions and comparative economic development,Basingstoke,UK:Palgrave Macmillan.

Bai,C.-E.,Hsieh,C.-T. and Qian,Y. (2006),The return to capital in China,NBER Working Paper No. 12755,Cambridge,Mass.:National Bureau of Economic Research.

Barro,R. J. (2016),Economic growth and convergence,applied especially to China,NBER Working Paper No. 21872,Cambridge,Mass.:National Bureau of Economic Research.

Bosworth,B. and Collins,S. M. (2008),Accounting for growth:Comparing China and India,Journal of Economic Perspectives,22(1):45-66.

Brandt,L. and Zhu,X. (2010),Accounting for China’s growth,Working Paper No. 395,Toronto:Department of Economics,University of Toronto.

Cai,F. (2016),China’s economic growth prospects:From demographic dividend to reform dividend,Cheltenham,UK:Edward Elgar.

Cai,F. and Lu,Y. (2013),The end of China’s demographic dividend:The perspective of potential GDP growth,in R. Garnaut,F. Cai and L. Song (eds),China:A new model for growth and development,55-73,Canberra:ANU E Press.

Cai,F. and Zhao,W. (2012),When demographic dividend disappears:Growth sustainability of China,in M. Aoki and J. Wu (eds),The Chinese economy:A new transition,Basingstoke,UK:Palgrave Macmillan.

Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the State Council (2014),The national plan on new urbanisation (2014-2020),Beijing:The State Council. Available from:gov.cn/gongbao/content/2014/content_2644805.htm.

Du,Y. (2014),Labor market changes and the new economic growth,China Opening Journal,(3):31-35.

Du,Y. and Wang,M. (2010),New estimate of surplus rural labor force and its implications,Journal of Guangzhou University (Social Science Edition),9(4):17-24.

Eichengreen,B.,Park,D. and Shin,K. (2013),Growth slowdowns redux:New evidence on the middle-income trap,NBER Working Paper No. 18673,Cambridge,Mass.:National Bureau of Economic Research.

Guo,Z. (2016),From demographic transition to population equilibrium,Population Research,(1):57-68.

Kuznets,S. (1957),Quantitative aspects of the economic growth of nations II:Industrial distribution of national product and labor force,Economic Development and Cultural Change,5(Supplement):3-110.

Li,K. (2016),The government work report,2016,Beijing:People’s Publishing House.

Lin,J. Y. (2011),China and the global economy,China Economic Journal,4(1):1-14.

Ma,X.,Duan,C. and Guo,J. (2014),A comparative study on four types of floating population,Chinese Journal of Population Science,(5):36-46.

McMillan,M. S. and Rodrik,D. (2011),Globalization,structural change and productivity growth,NBER Working Paper No. 17143,Cambridge,Mass.:National Bureau of Economic Research.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2011),Major figures on 2010 population census of China,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (various years [a]),China Statistical Yearbook,Beijing:China Statistics Press. Available from:stats.gov.cn/.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (various years [b]),Migrant worker monitoring survey report,Beijing:China Statistics Press. Available from:stats.gov.cn/.

Pritchett,L. and Summers,L. H. (2014),Asiaphoria meets regression to the mean,NBER Working Paper No. 20573,Cambridge,Mass.:National Bureau of Economic Research.

Roberts,K.,Connelly,R.,Xie,Z. and Zheng,Z. (2004),Patterns of temporary labor migration of rural women from Anhui and Sichuan,The China Journal,52:49-70.

United Nations (UN) (2011),World population prospects:The 2010 revision,CD-ROM edn,Population Division,Department of Economic and Social Affairs,New York:United Nations.

Wang,M. and Cai,F. (2015),Destination consumption:Enabling migrants’ propensity to consume,in L. Song,R. Garnaut,F. Cai and L. Johnston (eds),China’s domestic transformation in a global context,Canberra:ANU Press.

Barro,R. and Sala-i-Martin,X. (1995),The golden rule of capital accumulation and dynamic inefficiency,in R. Barro and X. Sala-i-Martin,Economic Growth,New York:McGraw-Hill.

Bosworth,B. P. and Collins,S. M. (2008),Accounting for growth:Comparing China and India,NBER Working Paper No. 12943,Cambridge,Mass.:National Bureau of Economic Research.

Chen,E. K. Y. (1997),The total factor productivity debate:Determinants of economic growth in East Asia,Asia-Pacific Economic Review,11:18-38.

China Credit Rating Co. Ltd (2013),Assessing the overcapacity of China’s manufacturing sector:An optimal-input decision model,[in Chinese],Special Report,40.

Chow,G. C. (1993),Capital formation and economic growth in China,The Quarterly Journal of Economics,(August):809-842.

Collins,S. M. and Bosworth,B. P. (1996),Economic growth in East Asia:Accumulation versus assimilation,Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,82:964-980.

International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2012),People’s Republic of China 2012 Article IV consultation,IMF Country Report No. 12/195.

Lewis,W. A. (1954),Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour,The Manchester School,22(May):139-192.

Lucas,R. E. (1988),On the mechanics of economic development,Journal of Monetary Economics,22(1):3-42.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (various years),China Statistical Yearbook,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (n.d.),Homepage,NBS,Beijing. Available from:stats.gov.cn/.

People’s Bank of China (PBC) (n.d.),Homepage,PBC,Beijing. Available from:pbc.gov.cn/.

Romer,P. M. (1986),Increasing returns and long-run growth,Journal of Political Economy,94(5):1002-1037.

Solow,R. M. (1956),A contribution to the theory of economic growth,Quarterly Journal of Economics,70(1):65-94.

Wang,W. and Yuan,M. (2012),Modeling China’s capacity utilisation rate and its application,[in Chinese],Statistics and Decision Making,20:82-84.

Wang,X. (2000),The sustainability of China’s economic growth and institutional reforms,[in Chinese],Economic Research,7.

Wang,X.,Fan,G. and Liu,P. (2009),Transformation of China’s growth pattern and sustainability of economic growth,[in Chinese],Economic Research,1.

Zhu,X. (2012),Understanding China’s growth:Past,present,and future,Journal of Economic Perspectives,26(4):103-124.

Bosworth,B. and Collins,S. M. (2008),Accounting for growth:Comparing China and India,Journal of Economic Perspectives,22(1):45-66.

Cao,J.,Ho,M. S.,Jorgenson,D. W.,Ren,R.,Sun,L. and Yue,X. (2009),Industrial and aggregate measures of productivity growth in China,1982-2000,The Review of Income and Wealth,55(SI 1) (July).

Denison,E. F. (1962),The sources of economic growth in the United States and the alternative before us,New York:Committee on Economic Development.

Domar,E. (1961),On the measurement of technological change,Economic Journal 71(284):709-729.

Griliches,Z. (1960),Measuring inputs in agriculture:A critical survey,Journal of Farm Economics,40(5):1398-1427.

Huang,Y. and Tao,K. (2010),Factor market distortion and the current account surplus in China,Asian Economic Papers,9(3):1-37.

Hulten,C. R. (1978),Growth accounting with intermediate inputs,Review of Economic Studies,45(3):511-518.

Hulten,C. R. and Wykoff,F. C. (1981),The measurement of economic depreciation,in C. R. Hulten (ed.),Depreciation,inflation,and the taxation of income from capital,Washington,DC:The Urban Institute Press.

Jorgenson,D. W. (1966),The embodiment hypothesis,Journal of Political Economy,74(1):1-17.

Jorgenson,D. W. (1990),Productivity and economic growth,in E. R. Berndt and J. E. Triplett (eds),Fifty years of economic measurement:The jubilee of the conference on research in income and wealth. Volume 54,Cambridge,Mass.:National Bureau of Economic Research.

Jorgenson,D. W.,Gollop,F. and Fraumeni,B. (1987),Productivity and US economic growth,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press.

Jorgenson,D. W. and Griliches,Z. (1967),The explanation of productivity change,Review of Economic Studies,34(3):249-283.

Jorgenson,D. W.,Ho,M. S. and Stiroh,K. J. (2005a),Growth of US industries and investments in information technology and higher education,in C. Corrado,J. Haltiwanger and D. Sichel (eds),Measuring capital in a new economy,Chicago:University of Chicago Press.

Jorgenson,D. W.,Ho,M. S. and Stiroh,K. J. (2005b),Information technology and the American growth resurgence. Productivity. Volume 3,Cambridge,Mass.:MIT Press.

Maddison,A. (1998),Chinese economic performance in the long run,OECD Development Centre,Paris.

Maddison,A. (2007),Chinese economic performance in the long run,960-2030,OECD,Paris.

Maddison,A. and Wu,H. X. (2008),Measuring China’s economic performance,World Economics,9(2):13-44.

National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBS) (2014),China Statistical Yearbook,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBS) (2015),China Statistical Yearbook,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

Perkins,D. H. and Rawski,T. G. (2008),Forecasting China’s economic growth to 2025,in L. Brandt and T. G. Rawski (eds),China’s great economic transformation,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.

Timmer,M.,van Moergastel,T.,Stuivenwold,E.,Ypma,G.,O’Mahony,M. and Kangasniemi,M. (2007),EU-KLEMS growth and productivity accounts. Version 1.0. Part I:Methodology,Paris:OECD.

Wu,H. X. (2008),Measuring capital input in Chinese industry and implications for China’s industrial productivity performance,1949-2005,Presentation to World Congress on National Accounts and Economic Performance Measures for Nations,Washington,DC,12-17 May.

Wu,H. X. (2013),How fast has Chinese industry grown?The upward bias hypothesis revisited,China Economic Journal,6(2-3):80-102.

Wu,H. X. (2014a),China’s growth and productivity performance debate revisited:Accounting for China’s sources of growth in 1949-2012,The Conference Board Economics Working Papers EPWP1401,New York:The Conference Board.

Wu,H. X. (2014b),The growth of ’non-material services’ in China:Maddison’s ’zero-labour-productivity-growth’ hypothesis revisited,The Economic Review,65(3) (July):265-283.

Wu,H. X. (2015a),China’s institutional impediment to sustainable productivity growth,presentation to ADBI International Conference of Implications of Possible PRC Growth Slowdown for Asia’,25-26 November.

Wu,H. X. (2015b),Constructing China’s net capital stock and measuring capital service in China,RIETI Discussion Papers 15-E-006,Tokyo:Research Institute of Economy,Trade and Industry. Available from:rieti.go.jp/en/publications/summary/15010007. html.

Wu,H. X. (2016),Productivity hurdle to China’s sustainable growth or institutional impediment to raising China’s productivity,presented at Reserve Bank of Australia Annual Conference on Structural Change in China and Implications for Australia and the World,Sydney,16-18 March.

Wu,H. X. (forthcoming),On China’s strategic move for a new stage of development:A productivity perspective,in D. W. Jorgenson,M. P. Timmer and K. Fukao (eds),The world economy:Growth or stagnation?,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.

Wu,H. X. and Ito,K. (2015),Reconstruction of China’s national output and income accounts and supply-use and input-output accounts in time series,RIETI Discussion Papers 15-E-004,Tokyo:Research Institute of Economy,Trade and Industry. Available from:rieti.go.jp/en/publications/summary/15010005.html.

Wu,H. X. and Shea,E. Y. P. (2008),China:Institutions,domestic financial architecture and macro volatility,in J. M. Fanelli (ed.),Macroeconomic volatility,institutions and financial architecture,Basingstoke,UK:Palgrave Macmillan.

Wu,H. X. and Yue,X. (2003),Sources of quality change in the labour input of Chinese industry,1955-2000,presented at Western Economic Association International Pacific Rim Conference,Taipei.

Wu,H. X. and Yue,X. (2010),Accounting for labor input in Chinese industry,presented at the 31st IARIW General Conference,St Gallen,Switzerland.

Wu,Harry X. and Yue,X. (2012),Accounting for labor input in Chinese industry,1949-2009,RIETI Discussion Papers,12-E-065,Tokyo:Research Institute of Economy,Trade and Industry.

Wu,H. X.,Yue,X. and Zhang,G. G. (2015),Constructing employment and compensation matrices and measuring labour input in China,RIETI Discussion Papers 15-E-005,Tokyo:Research Institute of Economy,Trade and Industry. Available from:rieti.go.jp/en/publications/summary/15010006.html.

Wu,J. (2008),The choice of China’s growth model,[in Chinese],Shanghai:Yuandong Book Press.

Wu,J. (2013),Towards a proper analytical framework for studying the engine of China’s growth,in Boyuan Foundation (ed.),China’s opportunities and challenges in the next ten years,Beijing:China Economy Press.

Xu,C. (2011),The fundamental institutions of China’s reforms and development,Journal of Economic Literature,49(4):1076-1051.

Abiad,A.,Detragiache,E. and Tressel,T. (2008),A new database of financial reforms,No. 2008-2266,Washington,DC:International Monetary Fund.

BI Intelligence (2015),Peer-to-peer lending markets:The leading countries for alternative finance and the next high-growth markets,Business Insider,16 May.

Guo,F.,Kong,S.,Wang,J.,Cheng,A.,Yuan,F.,Shao,G.,Wang,F. and Yang,J. (2016),Peking University internet finance development index,May,Institute of Internet Finance,Beijing:Peking University.

Huang,Y.,Shen,Y. and Wang,J. (2016),Analyses and thoughts on individual online lending and its regulatory framework,[in Chinese],Comparative Studies,2(2016).

Huang,Y.,Wang,X.,Wang,B. and Lin,N. (2013),Financial reform in China:Progress and challenges,in Y. C. Park and H. Patrick (eds),How finance is shaping the economies of China,Japan,and Korea,44-142,New York:Columbia University Press.

National Bureau of Statistics of PRC (2015),Statistical Communique of the People’s Republic of China on the 2015 National Economic and Social Development.

Wardrop,R.,Zhang,B.,Ran,R. and Gray,M. (2015),Moving mainstream:The European alternative finance benchmarking report,Cambridge:University of Cambridge.

Xie,P. (2015),Fundamental theory of internet finance,Lecture notes,November,Institute of Internet Finance,Peking University,Beijing.

Xie,P. and Zou,C. (2012),Research on business models of internet finance,[in Chinese],Financial Research,(12).

Xie,P.,Zou,C. and Liu,H. (2014),Handbook of internet finance,Beijing:Renmin University Press.

Zhang,W. (2014),Study on Chinese commercial bank credit financing problem on small and micro enterprises,[in Chinese],Doctoral dissertation,University of International Business and Economics,Beijing.

Bielski,V. (2016),George Soros says ’hard landing practically unavoidable’ for China’s economy,Sydney Morning Herald,22 January. Available from:www. smh.com.au/business/markets/george-soros-says-hard-landing-practically-unavoidable-for-chinas-economy-20160121-gmbh 1 w. html.

Bradsher,K. (2016),Investigation fuels doubts about growth data in China,International New York Times,27 January.

Burkitt,L. (2016),China’s working-age population sees biggest-ever decline,Wall Street Journal,22 January.

European Union Chamber of Commerce in China (2016),Overcapacity in China:An Impediment to the Party’s Reform Agenda. Available from:www.europeanchamber.com.cn/en/publications-overcapacity-in-china.

Fu,X.,Hou,J. and Woo,W. T. (forthcoming),Technological innovation policy in China:The lessons,and the necessary changes ahead,Economic Change and Restructuring.

Herrala,R. and Jia,Y. (2015),Toward state capitalism in China,Asian Economic Papers,14(2) (Summer):163-175.

Lardy,N. (1998),China’s unfinished economic revolution,Washington,DC:Brookings Institution.

Lu,D. (forthcoming),China surmounting the middle-income trap:The impact of capital formation and demographic transition on growth potential,Asian Economic Papers.

Magnier,M. (2015),China’s better-than-expected GDP prompts skepticism from economists,Wall Street Journal,19 October.

Martens,C. (2016),Paul Krugman:What’s going on in China right now scares me,Business Insider Malaysia,25 February. Available from:businessinsider. my/paul-krugman-interview-china-greece-brexit-2016-2/?r=US&IR=T#McDZDFz8kyDyHAXo. 97.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2015),China statistical yearbook 2015,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

O’Brien,M. (2016),China’s debt bubble is getting only more dangerous,The Washington Post,16 May.

Onishi,N. (2016),China’s woes deflate hopes for economic rise in Africa,International New York Times,26 January.

Russell,K. and Lai,R. (2015),Why China is rattling the world,New York Times,26 August. Available from:nytimes.com/interactive/2015/08/26/business/-why-china-is-rattling-the-world-maps-charts.html.

Stevenson,A. (2016),Fears about China’s economy fester at Davos,International New York Times,22 January.

Tan,Y.,Huang,Y. and Woo,W. T. (forthcoming),Zombie firms and the crowding-out of private investment in China,Asian Economic Papers.

Wall Street Journal (2016a),China faces dilemma over yuan,Wall Street Journal,25 January.

Wall Street Journal (2016b),China’s bond bubble,[Editorial],Wall Street Journal,23 February.

Wikipedia (2016),High-speed rail in China,Wikipedia. Available from:en. wikipe dia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China.

Wildau,G. (2016),China mouthpiece warns Soros against shorting renminbi,Financial Times,27 January.

Woo,W. T. (2009),China in the current global economic crisis,in China’s role in the origins of and response to the global recession,Hearing before the US-China Economic and Security Commission,111th Congress (first session),Washington,DC,17 February.

Woo,W. T. and Zhang,W. (2009),Time for China to move from macro-stability to macro-sustainability:Making macro-stimulus work and maintaining its effects,Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy,15(4) (November):349-368.

Wu,H. X. (2016),China’s institutional impediments to sustainable growth:A productivity approach,Presentation to Reserve Bank of Australia Conference,Sydney,17 March.

Xin,Z. (2016a),China heading for big economic policy shift,says mystery ’authoritative’ source in People’s Daily,South China Morning Post,9 May.

Xin,Z. (2016b),Xi Jinping’s stance on China’s economy laid bare as he distances hallmark policy from Western-style supply-side economics,South China Morning Post,10 May.

Yu,X. (2016),China’s real bad debt ratio at least nine times the official number and still growing,South China Morning Post,6 May.

Cai,F.,Giles,J.,O’Keefe,P. and Wang,D. (2012),The elderly and old age support in rural China,Washington,DC:The World Bank.

Carroll,C. D.,Dynan,K. E. and Krane,S. D. (2003),Unemployment risk and precautionary wealth:Evidence from households’ balance sheets,Review of Economics and Statistics,85(3):586-604.

Chamon,M.,Liu,K. and Prasad,E. (2013),Income uncertainty and household savings in China,Journal of Development Economics,105:164-177.

Chen,Y. and Feng,S. (2013),Access to public schools and the education of migrant children in China,China Economic Review,26:75-88.

Choi,H.,Lugauer,S. and Mark,N. C. (2014),Precautionary saving of Chinese and US households,NBER Working Paper 20527,September,Cambridge,Mass.:National Bureau of Economic Research.

Cobb-Clark,D. A. and Hildebrand,V. A. (2006),The wealth and asset holdings of US-born and foreign-born households:Evidence from SIPP data,Review of Income and Wealth,52(1):17-42.

Du,Y.,Gregory,R. and Meng,X. (2006),The impact of the guest-worker system on poverty and the wellbeing of migrant workers in urban China,in R. Garnaut and L. Song (eds),The turning point in China’s economic development,Canberra:ANU E Press.

Gong,X.,Kong,S.,Li S. and Meng,X. (2008),Rural-urban migrants:A driving force for growth,in L. Song and W. Woo (eds),China’s Dilemma,Canberra:ANU E Press.

Meng,X. (2003),Unemployment,consumption smoothing,and precautionary saving in urban China,Journal of Comparative Economics,31(3):465-485.

Meng,X. (2007),Wealth accumulation and distribution in urban China,Economic Development and Cultural Change,55(4):761-791.

Meng,X. (2013),Rural-urban migration:Trend and policy implications (2008-2012),in R. Garnaut,F. Cai and L. Song (eds),China:A new model for growth and development,Canberra:ANU E Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (various years),’Consumer Price Indices’,Beijing:China Statistics Press. Available from:data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=C01.

Wei,S.-J. and Zhang,X. (2011),The competitive saving motive:Evidence from rising sex ratios and savings rates in China,Journal of Political Economy,119(3):511-564.

Yatchew,A. (1997),An elementary estimator of the partial linear model,Economics Letters,57(2):135-143.

Yatchew,A. (1998),Nonparametric regression techniques in economics,Journal of Economic Literature,36(2):669-721.

Zhu,Y.,Wu,Z.,Wang,M.,Du,Y. and Cai,F. (2012),Do migrants really save more?Understanding the impact of remittances on savings in rural China,The Journal of Development Studies,48(5):654-672.

Chapman,M. (2013),China’s Shuanghui buying Smithfield Foods for about $4.72 billion,taking company private,Associated Press,29 May.

Chen,W.,Dollar,D. and Tang,H. (2015),Why is China investing in Africa?Evidence from the firm level,Washington,DC:Brookings Institution.

Dollar,D. (2015),United States-China two-way direct investment:Challenges and opportunities,Washington,DC:Brookings Institution.

Donnan,S. (2016),Capital flight from China worse than thought,Financial Times,20 January. Available from:ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/ae4dee44-bf34-lle5-9fdb-87b8dl5baec2.html#axzz46Ns84ERl.

Equator Principles Association (2011),The Equator principles. Available from:equator-principles.com/.

Humphrey,C. (2015),National development banks and infrastructure provision:A comparative study of Brazil,China,and South Africa,Infrastructure Finance in the Developing World Working Paper Series,Washington,DC:Intergovernmental Group of Twenty-Four on Monetary Affairs and Development.

Kalinova,B.,Palerm,A. and Thomsen,S. (2010),OECD’s FDI Restrictiveness Index:2010 Update,OECD Working Papers on International Investment,2010/03,OECD Publishing. Available from:dx.doi.org/10.1787/5km91p02zj7g-en.

Kaufmann,D. and Kraay,A. (2015),Worldwide governance indicators,Washington,DC:The World Bank. Available from:info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.aspx#home.

Ministry of Commerce of China (2014),Statistical Bulletin of China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment. Available from:hzs.mofcom.gov.cn/article/date/201510/20151001130306,shtml.

Ning,Y.,Kaixi,H. and Yanwen,Y. (2015),Businessman linked to Sinopec’s Angola deals said to face probe,Caixin Online,14 October. Available from:english.caixin.com/2015-10-14/100862966.html.

Ross,A. (2015),China’s ’infrastructure for minerals’ deal gets reality-check in Congo,Reuters,9 July. Available from:reuters. com/article/2015/07/09/us-congodemocratic-mining-china-insight-idUSKCN0PIlUB20150709.

Barro,R. J. and Lee,J. W. (2013),A new data set of educational attainment in the world,1950-2010,Journal of Development Economics,104:184-198.

Bloom,D. E.,Canning,D. and Fink,G. (2010),Implications of population ageing for economic growth,Oxford Review of Economic Policy,26(4):583-612.

Cai,F. (2010),Demographic transition,demographic dividend,and Lewis turning point in China,China Economic Journal,3(2):107-119.

Cai,R (2012),The coming demographic impact on China’s growth:The age factor in the middle-income trap,Asian Economic Papers,11(1):95-111.

Cai,F. and Wang,M. (2007),How will population aging affect economic growth?,China Economist,[English edn],(1):86-94.

Calvo,G. and Reinhart,C. (2002),Fear of floating,Quarterly Journal of Economics,107(2) (May):379-408.

Clark,R.,Kreps,J. and Spengler,J. (1978),Economics of aging:A survey,Journal of Economic Literature,16(3):919-962.

Day,C. and Dowrick,S. (2004),Ageing economics:Human capital,productivity and fertility,Agenda:A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform,11(1):3-20.

Eichengreen,B.,Park,D. and Shin,K. (2014),Growth slowdowns redux,Japan and the World Economy,32:65-84.

Eisele,R R. (ed.) (1974),Political consequences of aging,Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences,415 (September).

Garnaut,R. (2010),Macro-economic implications of the turning point,China Economic Journal,3(2):181-190.

Golley,J. and Tyers,R. (2012),Demographic dividends,dependencies,and economic growth in China and India,Asian Economic Papers,11(3):1-26.

Guillermo,A.,Carmen,R. and Guillermo,C. (2002),Fear of floating,The Quarterly Journal of Economics,117(2):379-408. doi:10.1162/003355302753650274.

Hu,A.,Liu,S. and Ma,Z. (2012),Population aging,population growth and economic growth:Evidence from China’s provincial panel data,Population Research,36(3):14-26.

imrohorog?lu,A. (2007),Consequences of demographic change for rates of returns to capital,and the distribution of wealth and welfare:A comment,Journal of Monetary Economics,54(1):88-91.

International Labour Organization (ILO) (2009),Ageing societies:The benefits,and the costs,of living longer,World of Work,67 (December). Available from:ilo.org/global/publications/magazines-and-journals/world-of-work-magazine/articles/WCM_041965/lang-en/index.htm.

International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2015),World economic outlook:Uneven growth:Short and long-term factors,April,Washington,DC:IMF. Available from:imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/index.htm.

Johnston,L. (2012),Getting old after getting rich:Comparing China with Japan,East Asia Forum,22 December. Available from:eastasiaforum.org/2012/12/22/getting-old-after-getting-rich-comparing-china-with-japan/.

Li,J. (2006),Is China getting old before getting rich?,Population Research,30(6):23-37.

Lutz,W.,Sanderson,W. and Scherbov,S. (2008),The coming acceleration of global population ageing,Nature,451(7179):716-719.

Minami,R. (1968),The turning point in the Japanese economy,The Quarterly Journal of Economics,82(3):380-402.

Onofri,P. (2004),The economics of an ageing population,Cheltenham,UK:Edward Elgar.

Park,D.,Lee,S. H. and Mason,A. (eds) (2012),Aging,economic growth,and old-age security in Asia,Cheltenham,UK:Edward Elgar.

Pham,C. S.,Nguyen,X.,Sgro,P. and Tang,X. (2016),Has China displaced its competitors in high-tech trade?,World Economy,1(2016). doi:10.1111/twee. 12390.

Powell,J. L. and Cook,I. G. (2009),Global ageing in comparative perspective:A critical discussion,International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy,29(7-8):388-400.

Sanderson,W. C. and Scherbov,S. (2007),A new perspective on population aging,Demographic Research,16(2):27-58.

Siegel,J. S. (1980),On the demography of aging,Demography,17(4):345-364.

Stephenson,J. and Scobie,G. (2002),The economics of population ageing,No. 02/04,Wellington:New Zealand Treasury.

UNDATA (2016),Total fertility rate,Glossary,UNDATA. Available from:data.un.org/Glossary.aspx?q=total+fertility+rate.

United Nations (UN) (1956),The aging of populations and its social and economic implications. Population Studies No. 26,New York:United Nations.

United Nations (UN) (2002),World population ageing:1950-2050,Department of Economic and Social Affairs,New York:United Nations. Available from:un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageingl9502050/pdf/7introduction.pdf.

United Nations (UN) (2015),World population prospects:The 2015 revision,Population Division,Department of Economic and Social Affairs,New York:United Nations.

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) (2015),Demographic dividend,New York:UNFPA. Available from:unfpa.org/demographic-dividend.

Wang,D.,Cai,F. and Zhang,X. (2004),Saving and growth effects of demographic transition,Population Research,(5):2-11.

World Bank (2015),World development indicators,Washington,DC:The World Bank. Available from:data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators.

World Bank (2016),Live long and prosper?Aging in East Asia Pacific,Washington,DC:The World Bank. Available from:openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/23133/9781464804694.pdf.

Wu,C. (1986),Discussions on population ageing,Shenyang:Liaoning People’s Publishing House.

Wu,C. and Du,P. (2006),Population ageing in China:Changes and challenges,Beijing:China Population Publishing House.

Ahmed,E.,Rosser,J. B. and Uppal,J. Y. (1999),Evidence of nonlinear speculative bubbles in Pacific-Rim stock markets,The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance,39(1):21-36.

Blanchard,O. J. (1979a),Backward and forward solutions for economies with rational expectations,The American Economic Review,69(2):114-118.

Blanchard,O. J. (1979b),Speculative bubbles,crashes and rational expectations,Economics Letters,3(1979):387-389.

Blanchard,O. J. and Watson,M. W. (1982),Bubbles,rational expectations and financial markets,NBER Working Paper Series No. 945,Cambridge,Mass.:National Bureau of Economic Research.

Campbell,J. Y. and Shiller,R. J. (1988),The dividend-price ratio and expectations of future dividends and discount factors,The Review of Financial Studies,1(3):195-228.

Chen,G. J. and Zhang,Y. J. (2009),Heterogeneous beliefs,short sale restriction and China’s stock market plunge phenomenon research,Finance Research,346(4):80-91.

Diba,B. T. and Grossman,H. I. (1988a),Explosive rational bubbles in stock prices?,The American Economic Review,78(3):520-530.

Diba,B. T. and Grossman,H. I. (1988b),The theory of rational bubbles in stock prices,The Economic Journal,(98):746-754.

Evans,G. W. (1991),Pitfalls in testing for explosive bubbles in asset prices,The American Economic Review,4(81):922-930.

Flood,R. P. and Garber,P. M. (1980),Market fundamentals versus price-level bubbles:The first tests,Journal of Political Economy,88(4):745-770.

Flood,R. P. and Hodrick,R. J. (1990),On testing for speculative bubbles,Journal of Economic Perspectives,4(2):85-101.

Gurkaynak,R. S. (2008),Econometric tests of asset price bubbles:Taking stock,Journal of Economic Surveys,22(1):166-186.

Hall,S. G.,Psaradakis,Z. and Sola,M. (1999),Detecting periodically collapsing bubbles:A Markov-switching unit root test,Journal of Applied Econometrics,(14):143-154.

Homm,U. and Breitling,J. (2012),Testing for speculative bubbles in stock markets:A comparison of alternative methods,Journal of Financial Econometrics,10(1):198-231.

Hu,C. S. and Wang,Y. F. (2013),Noise trading and stock returns:Evidence from China,China Finance Review International,3:301-315.

Kang,Z. Y. (2010),Chinese stock market bubbles test based on STAR model,Academic Monthly,42(12):83-89.

Lehkonen,H. (2010),Bubbles in China,International Review of Financial Analysis,(19):113-117.

Phillips,P. C. B.,Shi,S. P. and Yu,J. (2013),Testing for multiple bubbles:Historical episodes of exuberance and collapse in the S&P 500,Economics & Statistics Working Paper Series No. 4,July,Singapore:Singapore Management University.

Phillips,P. C. B.,Shi,S. P. and Yu,J. (2014),Specification sensitivity in righttailed unit root testing for explosive behaviour,Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics,76(3):315-333.

Phillips,P. C. B.,Wu,Y. and Yu,J. (2011),Explosive behavior in the 1990s Nasdaq:When did exuberance escalate asset values?,International Economic Review,(52):201-226.

Shiller,R. J. (1981),Do stock prices move too much to be justified by subsequent changes in dividends?,American Economic Review,(71):421-436.

Song,L.,Garnaut,R.,Fang,C. and Johnston,L. (2015),China’s domestic transformation in a global context,Canberra:ANU Press.

Tan,L.,Chiang,T. C.,Mason,J. R. and Nelling,E. (2008),Herding behavior in Chinese stock markets:An examination of A and B shares,Pacific-Basin Finance Journal,(16):61-77.

Taylor,M. P. and David,A. P. (1998),Periodically collapsing stock price bubbles:A robust test,Economics Letters,(61):221-228.

West,K. D. (1987),A specification test for speculative bubbles,The Quarterly Journal of Economics,102(3):553-580.

Wu,Y. R. (1997),Rational bubbles in the stock market:Accounting for the US stock-price volatility,Economic Inquiry,April:309-319.

Yu,M.,Pi,D. Y. and Zhou,R. X. (2013),A study on speculative bubbles test by using variance decompositions methods in the Chinese stock market,Economy and Management,27(11):40-45.

Arellano,M. and Bond,S. (1991),Some tests of specification for panel data:Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations,Review of Economic Studies,58:277-297.

Bank for International Settlements (BIS) (2016),Long series on credit to the private non-financial sector,Online database,Bank for International Settlements,Basel. Available from:bis.org/statistics/credtopriv.htm.

Blundell,R. and Bond,S. (1998),Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models,Journal of Econometrics,87:115-143.

Borio,C. and Lowe,P. (2002),Asset prices,financial and monetary stability:Exploring the nexus,BIS Working Paper No. 114,Basel:Bank for International Settlements.

Byoun,S. (2008),How and when do firms adjust their capital structures toward targets?,Journal of Finance,108(6):2069-3096.

Chen,G.,Firth,M. and Xu,L. (2009),Does the type of ownership control matter?Evidence from China’s listed companies,Journal of Banking and Finance,33:171-181.

Chen,J. (2004),Determinants of capital structure of Chinese-listed companies,Journal of Business Research,57:1341-1351.

Chen,L. (2014),The future history of China’s deleveraging,Gavekal Dragonomics,July.

Chivakul,M. and Lam,W. R. (2015),Assessing China’s corporate sector vulnerabilities,IMF Working Paper No. WP/15/72,Washington,DC:International Monetary Fund.

Ding,Y. and Su,X. (2008),Implementation of IFRS in a regulated market,Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,27:474-479.

Donaldson,G. (1961),Corporate debt capacity:A study of corporate debt policy and the determination of corporate debt capacity,Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard Business School.

Drehmann,M. and Juselius,M. (2013),Evaluating early warning indicators of banking crises:Satisfying policy requirements,BIS Working Paper No. 421,Basel:Bank for International Settlements.

Fan,J. P. H.,Wong,T. J. and Zhang,T. (2007),Politically connected CEOs,corporate governance and post-IPO performance in China’s newly partially privatized firms,Journal of Financial Economics,84:300-357.

Firth,M.,Malatesta,P. H.,Xin,Q. and Xu,L. (2012),Corporate investment,government control,and financing channels:Evidence from China’s listed companies,Journal of Corporate Finance,18:433-450.

Flannery,M. J. and Hankins,K. W. (2013),Estimating dynamic panel models in corporate finance,Journal of Corporate Finance,19:1-19.

Flannery,M. J. and Rangan,K. P. (2006),Partial adjustment toward target capital structures,Journal of Financial Economics,79:469-506.

Frank,M. Z. and Goyal,V. K. (2009),Capital structure decisions:Which factors are reliably important?,Financial Management,38:1-37.

Harris,M. and Raviv,A. (1991),The theory of capital structure,Journal of Finance,46:297-355.

Hausman,J. A. (1978),Specification tests in econometrics,Econometrica,46:1251-1271.

Holtz-Eakin,D.,Newey,W. and Rosen,H. S. (1988),Estimating vector autoregressions with panel data,Econometrica,56:1371-1395.

Huang,S. G. H. and Song,F. M. (2006),The determinants of capital structure:Evidence from China,China Economic Review,17:14-35.

Huang,Y. and Bosler,C. (2014),China’s debt dilemma:Deleveraging while generating growth,Paper,18 September,Beijing:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Available from:carnegieendowment.org/2014/09/18/china-s-debt-dilemma-deleveraging-while-generating-growth.

International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2015a),People’s Republic of China,Article IV consultation,IMF Country Report No. 15/234. Available from:imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2015/cr 15234.pdf.

International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2015b),Global Financial Stability Report:Vulnerabilities,Legacies and Policy Challenges-Risks Rotating to Emerging Markets,October 2015:12. Available from:imf.org/External/Pubs/FT/GFSR/2015/02/pdf/text.pdf.

Lardy,N. (1998),China’s unfinished economic revolution,Washington,DC:Brookings Institution.

Lardy,N. (2012),Sustaining China’s economic growth after the Global Financial Crisis,Washington,DC:Institute for International Economics.

Lemmon,M. L.,Roberts,M. R. and Zender,J. F. (2008),Back to the beginning:Persistence and the cross-section of corporate capital structure,Journal of Finance,118(4):1575-1607.

Li,K.,Yue,H. and Zhao,L. (2009),Ownership,institutions and capital structure:Evidence from China,Journal of Comparative Economics,37(3):471-490.

Myers,S. (1984),The capital structure puzzle,Journal of Finance,39:575-592.

Myers,S. and Majluf,N. (1984),Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have,Journal of Financial Economics,13:187-221.

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (2016),Report on the implementation of the 2015 Plan for National Economic and Social Development and on the 2016 Draft Plan for National Economic and Social Development,Beijing:NDRC. Available from:online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/NPC2016_NDRC_English.pdf.

Nickell,S. (1981),Biases in dynamic models with fixed effects,Econometrica,49:1417-1426.

People’s Bank of China (PBC) (2016),Transcript of Governor Zhou’s Xiaochuan’s press conference,Beijing,10 March. Available from:pbc.gov.cn/english/130721/3029330/index.html.

Pettis,M. (2013),Avoiding the fall:China’s economic restructuring,Washington,DC:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Qian,Y.,Tian,Y. and Wirjanto,T. S. (2009),Do Chinese publicly listed companies adjust their capital structure toward a target level?,China Economic Review,20:662-676.

Walter,C. E. and Howie,F. J. T. (2011),Red capitalism:The fragile financial foundations of China’s extraordinary rise,Singapore:John Wiley & Sons.

Windmeijer,F. (2005),A finite sample correction for the variance of linear efficient two-step GMM estimators,Journal of Econometrics,126:25-51.

Yu,M. (2013),State ownership and firm performance:Empirical evidence from Chinese listed companies,China Journal of Accounting Research,6:75-87.

Zhang,W.,Han,G.,Ng,B. and Chan,S. (2015),Corporate leverage in China:Why has it increased fast in recent years and where do the risks lie?,Working Paper No. 10/15,Hong Kong:Hong Kong Institute for Monetary Research.

Baeumler,A.,Ijjasz-Vasquez,E. and Mehndiratta,S. (eds) (2012),Sustainable low-carbon city development in China,Washington,DC:World Bank Publications.

Bao,J.,Miao,Y. and Chen,F. (2008),Low carbon economy:Revolution in the way of human economic development,China Industrial Economics,4:153-160.

Carr,E.,Wingard,P.,Yorty,S.,Thompson,M.,Jensen,N. and Roberson,J. (2007),Applying DPSIR to sustainable development,International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology,14(6):543-555.

Casler,S. and Blair,P. (1997),Economic structure,fuel combustion,and pollution emissions,Ecological Economics,22(1):19-27.

Fan,Y.,Liu,L.,Wu,G. and Wei,Y. (2006),Analysing impact factors of CO2 emissions using the STIRPAT model,Environmental Impact Assessment Review,26(4):377-395.

Feliciano,M. and Prosperi,D. (2011),Planning for low carbon cities:Reflection on the case of Broward County,Florida,USA,Cities,28(6):505-516.

Gabrielsen,P. and Bosch,P. (2003),Environmental indicators:Typology and use in reporting,Copenhagen:EEA.

Golove,W. and Schipper,L. (1997),Restraining carbon emissions:Measuring energy use and efficiency in the USA,Energy Policy,25(7):803-812.

Gu,C.,Hu,L.,Zhang,X.,Wang,X. and Guo,J. (2011),Climate change and urbanization in the Yangtze River Delta,Habitat International,35(4):544-552.

Hu,B. (2013),On the new urbanisation path with six integrated dimensions,Guangming Daily,28 June.

Hu,M. and Li,A. (2016),Between vision and reality:China low carbon city development,Financial Times [Chinese],3 April. Available from:ftchinese.com/story/001066469?full=y.

Huang,H. (2011),The China environment yearbook. Volume 5. State of change:Environmental governance and citizens’ rights,[Book review],China Review International,18(2):253-256.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2006),IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas,London:Cambridge University Press.

Li,B. (2013),Governing urban climate change adaptation in China,Environment and Urbanization,25(2):413-427.

Li,J. and Wang,X. (2012),Energy and climate policy in China’s twelfth five-year plan:A paradigm shift,Energy Policy,41:519-528.

Li,X. and Pan,J. (2015),China green development index report 2012,New York:Springer.

Liu,Z. (2015),China’s carbon emissions report 2015,Cambridge,Mass.:John F. Kennedy School of Government,Harvard University.

Nanchang Municipal Statistics Bureau (2011),Nanchang statistical yearbook 2011,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

Nanchang Municipal Statistics Bureau (2012),Nanchang statistical yearbook 2012,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

Nanchang Municipal Statistics Bureau (2013),Nanchang statistical yearbook 2013,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

Nanchang Municipal Statistics Bureau (2014),Nanchang statistical yearbook 2014,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2011a),China city construction statistical yearbook 2011,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2011b),China city statistical yearbook 2011,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2011c),China energy statistical yearbook 2011,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2011d),China statistical yearbook on environment 2011,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2011e),China statistical yearbook 2011,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2011f),Hangzhou statistical yearbook 2011,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2011g),Statistical bulletin of national economic and social development 2011,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2012a),China city construction statistical yearbook 2012,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2012b),China city statistical yearbook 2012,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2012c),China energy statistical yearbook 2012,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2012d),China statistical yearbook on environment 2012,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2012e),China statistical yearbook 2012,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2012f),Hangzhou statistical yearbook 2012,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2012g),Statistical bulletin of national economic and social development 2012,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2013a),China city construction statistical yearbook 2013,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2013b),China city statistical yearbook 2013,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2013c),China energy statistical yearbook 2013,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2013d),China statistical yearbook on environment 2013,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2013e),China statistical yearbook 2013,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2013f),Hangzhou statistical yearbook 2013,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2013g),Statistical bulletin of national economic and social development 2013,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2014a),China city construction statistical yearbook 2014,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2014b),China city statistical yearbook 2014,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2014c),China energy statistical yearbook 2014,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2014d),China statistical yearbook on environment 2014,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2014e),China statistical yearbook 2014,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2014f),Hangzhou statistical yearbook 2014,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2014g),Statistical bulletin of national economic and social development 2014,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (2008),National standard of the People’s Republic of China,GB/T 2589-2008,General principles for calculation of total production energy consumption,Beijing:NDRC.

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (2010),Notice for carrying out low-carbon pilot schemes at provincial and city levels,Beijing:NDRC. Available from:gov.cn/zwgk/2010-08/10/content_1675733.htm.

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (2012),Circular on the second batch of national pilot low-carbon provinces and low-carbon cities,Beijing:NDRC. Available from:ccchina.gov.cn/nDetail. aspx?newsId=28162&TId=60.

Pulselli,F.,Coscieme,L.,Neri,L.,Regoli,A.,Sutton,P.,Lemmi,A. and Bastianoni,S. (2015),The world economy in a cube:A more rational structural representation of sustainability,Global Environmental Change,35:41-51.

Selden,T. and Song,D. (1994),Environmental quality and development:Is there a Kuznets curve for air pollution emissions?,Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,27(2):147-162.

Shao,C. and Ju,M. (2010),Studies of low-carbon city indicator system based on the DPSIR model,Ecological Economics,10:95-99.

Soytas,U. and Sari,R. (2009),Energy consumption,economic growth,and carbon emissions:Challenges faced by an EU candidate member,Ecological Economics,68(6):1667-1675.

Statistical Bureau of Baoding (2011),Baoding statistical yearbook 2011,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

Statistical Bureau of Baoding (2012),Baoding statistical yearbook 2012,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

Statistical Bureau of Baoding (2013),Baoding statistical yearbook 2013,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

Statistical Bureau of Baoding (2014),Baoding statistical yearbook 2014,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

Statistics Bureau of Shenzhen City (2011),Shenzhen statistical yearbook 2011,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

Statistics Bureau of Shenzhen City (2012),Shenzhen statistical yearbook 2012,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

Statistics Bureau of Shenzhen City (2013),Shenzhen statistical yearbook 2013,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

Statistics Bureau of Shenzhen City (2014),Shenzhen statistical yearbook 2014,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

Stern,D. and Common,M. (2001),Is there an environmental Kuznets curve for sulfur?,Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,41(2):162-178.

Tianjin Municipal Statistics Bureau (2011),Tianjin statistical yearbook 2011,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

Tianjin Municipal Statistics Bureau (2012),Tianjin statistical yearbook 2012,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

Tianjin Municipal Statistics Bureau (2013),Tianjin statistical yearbook 2013,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

Tianjin Municipal Statistics Bureau (2014),Tianjin statistical yearbook 2014,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

Wang,H. (2013),Review of DPSIR framework,Guidance of Economic Research,19:4-5.

Wang,W. (2011),Studies on status,problem and development mode of China’s low-carbon technology,China Soft Technology,12:84-91.

Weidema,B.,Thrane,M.,Christensen,P.,Schmidt,J. and Lekke,S. (2008),Carbon footprint,Journal of Industrial Ecology,12(1):3-6.

York,R.,Rosa,E. and Dietz,T. (2003),STIRPAT,IPAT and ImPACT:Analytic tools for unpacking the driving forces of environmental impacts,Ecological Economics,46(3):351-65.

Zhang,X. and Cheng,X. (2009),Energy consumption,carbon emissions,and economic growth in China,Ecological Economics,68(10):2706-2712.

China Custom Statistics (various years),China Custom,Beijing,China. Available at:china-trade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/Fast-Facts/China-Customs-Statistics/.

China Iron and Steel Association (CISA) Statistics (various years),China iron and Steel Association,Beijing,China.

Hurst,L. (2015),China’s impact on global iron ore market,PhD thesis,Crawford School of Public Policy,The Australian National University,Canberra.

Liu,H. (2013a),Analysis and suggestions on the lower profitability of China’s steel industry,China Steel,(10):11-18.

Liu,H. (2013b),Looking for the antidote to the excess capacity in the steel industry,China Metallurgical News,20 June.

Liu,H. (2015),How to break the deadlock of M&A in China’s steel industry,China Metallurgical News,10 June.

Liu,H. (2016),Demand side,supply side:The key is to reform supply side,China Steel Focus,2016(1):34-36.

McKay,H.,Sheng,Y. and Song,L. (2010),China’s metal intensity in comparative perspective,in R. Garnaut,J. Golley and L. Song (eds),China:The next twenty years of reform and development,73-98,Canberra and Washington,DC:ANU Press and Brookings Institution Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2015),China statistical yearbook 2015,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2016),Excess capacity in the global steel industry and the implications of new investment projects,Paris:OECD. Available from:oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/5js65x46nxhj.pdf7expires=1463020168&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=A59B9DA06B0E A68 A8DF241517C7A35B0.

Sanderson,H. 2015,China steel exports climb over 100m tonnes,The Financial Times,9 December. Available from:ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/7700d728-9e8f-lle5-8cel-f6219b685d74.html#axzz48c9W7m5j.

Song,L. (2015),State and non-state enterprises in China’s economic transition,in G. C. Chow and D. H. Perkins (eds),Routledge handbook of the Chinese economy,182-207,London and New York:Routledge.

Song,L. and Liu,H. (2012),Steel industry development and transformation in China:An overview,in L. Song and H. Liu (eds),The Chinese steel industry’s transformation:Structural change,performance and demand on resources,1-16,Cheltenham,UK:Edward Elgar.

World Steel Association [2005-15 (yearly issues)],Steel Statistical Yearbook,Brussels:World Steel Association.

World Steel Association (2016),Steel Statistical Yearbook,Brussels:World Steel Association.

Xu,X. (2016),Will China’s steel consumption substantially drop after reaching the peak level?China Metallurgical News,2 March.

Ang,B. W. (2015),LMDI decomposition approach:A guide for implementation,Energy Policy,86:233-238.

Ang,B. W. and Choi,K. H. (1997),Decomposition of aggregate energy and gas emission intensities for industry:A refined Divisia index method,The Energy Journal,18(3):59-73.

Ang,B. W. and Zhang,F. Q. (2000),A survey of index decomposition analysis in energy and environmental studies,Energy,25(12):1149-1176.

Cansino,J. M.,Roman,R. and Ordó?ez,M. (2016),Main drivers of changes in CO2 emissions in the Spanish economy:A structural decomposition analysis,Energy Policy,89:150-159.

Duarte,R.,Pinilla,V. and Serrano,A. (2014),Looking backward to look forward:Water use and economic growth from a long-term perspective,Applied Economics,46(2):212-224.

Feng,K.,Davis,S. J.,Sun,L. and Hubacek,K. (2015),Drivers of the US CO2 emissions 1997-2013,Nature Communications,6:7714.

Fujii,H.,Managi,S. and Kaneko,S. (2013),Decomposition analysis of air pollution abatement in China:Empirical study for ten industrial sectors from 1998 to 2009,Journal of Cleaner Production,59:22-31.

Guan,D.,Su,X.,Zhang,Q.,Peters,G. P.,Liu,Z.,Lei,Y. and He,K. (2014),The socioeconomic drivers of China’s primary PM2.5 emissions,Environmental Research Letters,9(2):024010.

Hasanbeigi,A.,Price,L.,Fino-Chen,C.,Lu,H. and Ke,J. (2013),Retrospective and prospective decomposition analysis of Chinese manufacturing energy use and policy implications,Energy Policy,63:562-574.

He,J. (2010),What is the role of openness for China’s aggregate industrial SO2 emission?A structural analysis based on the Divisia decomposition method,Ecological Economics,69(4),868-886.

Hoekstra,R.,and van den Bergh,J. C. (2003),Comparing structural decomposition analysis and index. Energy economics,25(1):39-64.

Jiang,Y.,Cai,W.,Wan,L. and Wang,C. (2015),An index decomposition analysis of China’s interregional embodied carbon flows,Journal of Cleaner Production,88:289-296.

Kang,J.,Zhao,T.,Liu,N.,Zhang,X.,Xu,X. and Lin,T. (2014),A multi-sectoral decomposition analysis of city-level greenhouse gas emissions:Case study of Tianjin,China,Energy,68:562-571.

Kenny,J. F.,Barber,N. L.,Hutson,S. S.,Linsey,K. S.,Lovelace,J. K. and Maupin,M. A. (2009),Estimated use of water in the United States in 2005,United States Geological Survey Circular. 1344.

Kopidou,D.,Tsakanikas,A. and Diakoulaki,D. (2016),Common trends and drivers of CO2 emissions and employment:A decomposition analysis in the industrial sector of selected European Union countries,Journal of Cleaner Production,112:4159-4172.

Lan,J.,Malik,A.,Lenzen,M.,McBain,D. and Kanemoto,K. (2016),A structural decomposition analysis of global energy footprints,Applied Energy,163:436-451.

Liu,L.,Fan,Y.,Wu,G. and Wei,Y. (2007),Using LMDI method to analyze the change of China’s industrial CO2 emissions from final fuel use:An empirical analysis,Energy Policy,35(11):5892-5900.

Liu,N.,Ma,Z. and Kang,J. (2015),Changes in carbon intensity in China’s industrial sector:Decomposition and attribution analysis,Energy Policy,87:28-38.

Liu,Q. and Wang,Q. (2013),Pathways to SO2 emissions reduction in China for 1995-2010:Based on decomposition analysis,Environmental Science & Policy,33:405-415.

Lu,Q.,Yang,H.,Huang,X.,Chuai,X. and Wu,C. (2015),Multi-sectoral decomposition in decoupling industrial growth from carbon emissions in the developed Jiangsu Province,China,Energy,82:414-425.

Ma,C. (2014),A multi-fuel,multi-sector and multi-region approach to index decomposition:An application to China’s energy consumption 1995-2010,Energy Economics,42:9-16.

Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) (various years),Annual statistical report on the environment in China,Beijing:China Environmental Science Press.

Ministry of Water Resources (MWR) (2002-2014),China Water Resources Bulletin,[in Chinese],Beijing:China Waterpower Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (various years),China industrial economy statistical yearbook,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2012),Input-output table,Beijing:China Statistics Press. Available from:data.stats.gov.cn/ifnormal.htm?u=/files/html/quickSearch/trcc/trcc01.html&h=740.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2014a),China energy statistical yearbook,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2014b),China Statistical Yearbook,[in Chinese],Beijing:China Statistics Press.

Ouyang,X. and Lin,B. (2015),An analysis of the driving forces of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in China’s industrial sector,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,45:838-849.

Peters,G. P. and Hertwich,E. G. (2008),CO2 embodied in international trade with implications for global climate policy,Environmental Science & Technology,42(5):1401-1407.

State Council of China (2011),Comprehensive work plan for energy conservation and emission reduction during the ’Twelfth Five-Year Plan’ period,Beijing:State Council. Available from:gov.cn/zwgk/2011-09/07/content_1941731.htm.

Su,B.,and Ang,B. W. (2012),Structural decomposition analysis applied to energy and emissions:some methodological developments. Energy Economics,34(1):177-188.

Wu,L. and Huo,H. (2014),Energy efficiency achievements in China’s industrial and transport sectors:How do they rate?,Energy Policy,73:38-46.

Yan,X. and Fang,Y. (2015),CO2 emissions and mitigation potential of the Chinese manufacturing industry,Journal of Cleaner Production,103:759-773.

Zeng,L.,Xu,M.,Liang,S.,Zeng,S. and Zhang,T. (2014),Revisiting drivers of energy intensity in China during 1997-2007:A structural decomposition analysis,Energy Policy,67:640-647.

Zha,D.,Zhou,D. and Ding,N. (2009),The contribution degree of sub-sectors to structure effect and intensity effects on industry energy intensity in China from 1993 to 2003,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,13(4):895-902.

Zhang,Y. and Da,Y. (2015),The decomposition of energy-related carbon emission and its decoupling with economic growth in China,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,41:1255-1266.

Zhang,Z.,Shi,M. and Yang,H. (2012),Understanding Beijing’s water challenge:A decomposition analysis of changes in Beijing’s water footprint between 1997 and 2007,Environmental Science & Technology,46(22):12373-12380.

Zhao,Y.,Ke,J.,Ni,C. C.,McNeil,M.,Khanna,N. Z.,Zhou,N.,Fridley,D. and Li,Q. (2014),A comparative study of energy consumption and efficiency of Japanese and Chinese manufacturing industry,Energy Policy,70:45-56.

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) (2015),COP21 climate change summit reaches deal in Paris,BBC News,13 December. Available from:bbc.com/news/science-environment-35084374.

Buckingham,K. (2015),Duck-rice,honey-bees and mandarins,China Policy Institute Blog,Nottingham,UK:University of Nottingham. Available from:blogs.nottingham.ac.uk/chinapolicyinstitute/2015/05/18/duck-rice-honey-bees-and-mandarins/.

Buckingham,K.,DeWitt,S. and Laestadius,L. (2016),The global restoration initiative,in I. Chabay,M. Frick and J. Helgeson (eds),Land restoration:Reclaiming landscapes for a sustainable future,483-496,Atlanta:Elsevier.

Buckingham,K.,Laestadius,L.,Padovezi,A. and Covell,P. (2014),Taking culture into account in restoring China’s Loess Plateau,WRI Blog,Washington,DC:World Resources Institute. Available from:wri.org/blog/2 014/12/taking-culture-account-restoring-china%E2%80%99s-loess-plateau.

Cao,S.,Chen,L. and Zhu,Q. (2010a),Remembering the ultimate goal of environmental protection:Including protection of impoverished citizens in China’s environmental policy,Ambio,39:439-442.

Cao,S.,Chen,L.,Shankman,D.,Wang,C.,Wang,C.,Wang,X. and Zhang,H. (2010b),Excessive reliance on afforestation in China’s arid and semi-arid regions:Lessons in ecological restoration,Earth-Science Reviews,104:240-245.

Cao,S.,Chen,L.,Xu,C. and Liu,Z. (2007),Impact of three soil types on afforestation in China’s Loess Plateau:Growth and survival of six tree species and their effects on soil properties,Landscape and Urban Planning,(83):208-217.

Cao,S.,Sun,G.,Zhang,Z.,Chan,L.,Feng,Q.,Fu,B.,McNulty,S.,Shankman,D.,Tang,J.,Wang,Y. and Wei,X. (2011),Greening China naturally,Ambio,40(7):828-831.

Cao,S.,Wang,X.,Song,Y.,Chen,L. and Feng,Q. (2010c),Impacts of the Natural Forest Conservation Program on the livelihoods of residents of northwestern China:Perceptions of residents affected by the program,Ecological Economics,69(2010):1454-1462.

Cao,S.,Xu,C.,Chen,L. and Wang,X. (2009),Attitudes of farmers in China’s northern Shaanxi province towards the land-use changes required under the Grain for Green project,and implications for the project’s success,Land Use Policy,26(2009):1182-1194.

Chen,L.,Wang,J.,Wei,W.,Fu,B. and Wu,D. (2010),Effects of landscape restoration on soil water storage and water use in the Loess Plateau region,China,Forest Ecology and Management,259:1291-1298.

Chen,L.,Wei,W.,Fu,B. and Lu,Y. (2007),Soil and water conservation on the Loess Plateau in China:Review and perspective,Progress in Physical Geography,31:389-403.

Department of Climate Change (2015),Enhanced actions on climate change:China’s intended nationally determined contributions,30 June,Beijing:Department of Climate Change,National Development and Reform Commission of China. Available from:www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/China/1/China’s%20INDC%20-%20on%2030%20June%202015.pdf.

Environmental Education Media Program (EEMP) (2013),Loess Plateau watershed,5 August,Environmental Education Media Program. Accessible from:eempc.org/loess-plateau-watershed-rehabilitation-project/.

Fan,M.,Shen,J.,Yuan,L.,Jiang,R.,Chen,X.,Davies,W. J. and Zhang,F. (2012),Improving crop productivity and resource use efficiency to ensure food security and environmental quality,China Journal of Experimental Botany,63(1):13-24.

Ferwerda,W. (2012),Organizing ecological restoration by partners in business for next generations,IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management,Rotterdam:Rotterdam School of Management,Erasmus University.

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012),State of the world’s forests,Rome:Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Frazen,T.,Song,R.,Stolle,F. and Henderson,G. (2015),A closer look at China’s climate plan (INDC),WRI Insights Blog,Washington,DC:World Resources Institute. Available from:wri.org/blog/2015/07/closer-look-chinas-new-climate-plan-indc.

Guan,L.,Sun,G. and Cao,S. (2011),China’s bureaucracy hinders environmental recovery,Ambio,40:96-99.

Hanson,C.,Buckingham,K.,DeWitt,S. and Laestadius,L. (2015),Restoration diagnostic,Washington,DC:World Resources Institute.

Hiller,B. T. (2012),Sustainability dynamics of large-scale integrated ecosystem rehabilitation and poverty reduction projects,PhD thesis,University of Cambridge,Cambridge.

Hiller,B. T. and Guthrie,P. M. (2011),Phased large-scale approaches to integrated ecosystem rehabilitation and livelihood improvement:Review of a Chinese case study,Agricultural Science Research Journal,1(3):50-63.

Hoare,A. (2015),Tackling illegal logging and the related trade:What progress and where next?,A Chatham House Assessment,London:Chatham House.

Hu,R.,Liu,J. and Zhai,M. (2010),Mineral resources science in China:A roadmap to 2050,Beijing:Chinese Academy of Sciences.

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and World Resources Institute (WRI) (2014),A guide to the Restoration Opportunities Assessment Methodology (ROAM):Assessing landscape restoration opportunities at the national or sub-national level,Working Paper (Road-test edition),Gland,Switzerland:IUCN.

Jiao,J.,Zhang,Z.,Bai,W.,Jia,Y. and Wand,N. (2012),Assessing the ecological success of restoration by afforestation on the Chinese Loess Plateau,Restoration Ecology,20(2):240-249.

Jie,K. (2015),China to launch natural forest logging ban in 2016,Global Times,4 December. Available from:globaltimes.cn/content/956510.shtml.

Li,R.,Liu,G.,Xie,Y.,Qinke,Y. and Liang,Y. (2002),Ecosystem rehabilitation on the Loess Plateau,in T. R. McVicar,R. Li,J. Walker,R. W. Fitzpatrick and C. Liu (eds),Regional water and soil assessment for managing sustainable agriculture in China and Australia,358-365,ACIAR Monograph 84,Canberra:Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research.

Li,Z.,Ma,Z.,van der Kuijp,T. J.,Yuan,Z. and Huang,L. (2014),A review of soil heavy metal pollution from mines in China:Pollution and health risk assessment,Science of the Total Environment:843-853.

Liu,J. D. and Hiller,B. T. (2016),A continuing inquiry into ecosystem restoration:Examples from China’s Loess Plateau and locations worldwide and their emerging implications,in I. Chabay,M. Frick and J. Helgeson (eds),Land restoration:Reclaiming landscapes for a sustainable future,Atlanta:Elsevier.

Lu,Y.,Fu,B.,Feng,X.,Zeng,Y.,Liu,Y.,Chang,R.,Sun,G. and Wu,B. (2012),A policy-driven large scale ecological restoration:Quantifying ecosystem services changes in the Loess Plateau of China,PLoS ONE,7(2):1-10.

Miao,Z. and Marrs,R. (2000),Ecological restoration and land reclamation in open-cast mines in Shanxi Province,China Journal of Environmental Management,59:205-215.

Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) (2014),Environmental Protection and the Ministry of Land and Resources issued nationwide survey of soil pollution bulletin,17 April,Beijing:MEP. Available from:mep.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/qt/201404/t20140417_270670.htm.

Patel,K. (2014),China’s food security dilemma,World Policy Blog,4 June,New York:World Policy Institute. Available from:worldpolicy.org/blog/2014/06/04/chinas-food-security-dilemma.

Qian,W. and Quan,L. (2002),Variations of the dust storm in China and its climatic control,Journal of Climate,15:1216-1229.

Sun,X.,Canby,K. and Liu,L. (2016),China’s logging ban in natural forests:Impacts of extended policy at home and abroad,Forest Trends Information Brief,March.

Tang,Q.,Bennett,S. J.,Xu,Y. and Li,Y. (2013),Agricultural practices and sustainable livelihoods:Rural transformation within the Loess Plateau,China,Applied Geography,41:15-23.

Thiel,A. and Sun,X. (2016),China’s logging ban impacts not just its own forestry industry,but others around the world as well,Forest Trends Blog,March. Available from:forest-trends.org/blog/2016/03/14/chinas-logging-ban/.

Tsunekawa,A.,Liu,G.,Yamanaka,N. and Du,S. (eds) (2014),Restoration and development of the degraded Loess Plateau,China,Tokyo:Springer Japan.

Veldman,J. W.,Buisson,E.,Durigan,G.,Fernandes,G. W.,Le Stradic,S.,Mahy,G.,Negreiros,D.,Overbeck,G. E.,Velman,R. G.,Zaloumis,N. P.,Putz,F. E. and Bond,W. J. (2015a),Toward an old-growth concept for grasslands,savannas,and woodlands,Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,13(3):154-162.

Veldman,J. W.,Over beck,G. E.,Negreiros,D.,Mahy,G.,Le Stradic,S.,Fernandes,G. W.,Durigan,G.,Buisson,E.,Putz,F. E. and Bond,W. J. (2015b),Tyranny of trees in grassy biomes,Science Insights,347(6221):484-485.

Wellesley,L. (2014),Trade in illegal timber:The response in China,A Chatham House Assessment,London:Chatham House.

Wong,G. (2013),China’s war on water scarcity:Gridlines,London:PricewaterhouseCoopers.

World Bank (2003),Implementation completion report on a credit in the amount of SDR 106.3 million (US$150 million equivalent) to the People’s Republic of China for a Loess Plateau watershed rehabilitation project,Washington,DC:The World Bank.

World Bank (2006),Implementation completion report on a loan in the amount of SDR 36.9 million (US$50 million equivalent) to the People’s Republic of China for the second Loess Plateau watershed rehabilitation project,Washington,DC:The World Bank. Accessible from:www-wds.world bank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/01/20/000011823_20060120152438/Rendered/PDF/34612.pdf.

World Bank (2007a),Project performance assessment report,People’s Republic of China,second Loess Plateau watershed rehabilitation project and Xiaolangdi multipurpose project and Tarim Basin project,Washington,DC:The World Bank. Available from:www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/10/31/000020953_20071031102004/Rendered/PDF/41122.pdf.

World Bank (2007b),Restoring China’s Loess Plateau,Washington,DC:TheWorld Bank. Available from:worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2007/03/15/restoring-chinas-loess-plateau.

World Bank (2010),Rehabilitating a degraded watershed:A case study from Chinas Loess Plateau,Washington,DC:World Bank Institute.

Xinhua Net (2015),China’s 13th national plan areas of focus,[in Chinese],Xinhua Net,7 October. Available from:news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2015-10/07/c_1116746981.htm.

Zhang,L.,Bai,K.,Wang,M. and Karthikeyan,R. (2015),Basin-scale spatial soil erosion variability:Pingshuo opencast mine site in Shanxi Province,Loess Plateau of China,Natural Hazards,80(2):1231-1230. doi:10.1007/s11069-015-2019-9.

Zhao,Y.,Wen,T.,Yan,J.,Sit,T.,Yang,S. and Xia,F. (2014),Land governance in China:Historical context and critical junctures of agrarian transformation,International Land Coalition Framing the Debate Series,Rome:International Land Coalition.

Andersen,M. S. and Ekins,P. (eds) (2009),Carbon-energy taxation:Lessons from Europe,New York:Oxford University Press.

Carbon Pulse (2015),Scrap over unused allowances could prove vital for China’s carbon market,Carbon Pulse,10 November. Available from:carbon-pulse. com/11675/.

Carraro,C. and Tavoni,M. (2010),Looking ahead from Copenhagen:How challenging is the Chinese carbon intensity target?,VOX,5 January. Available from:voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/4449.

China Carbon Forum (2016),Insights:China’s coal power stranded assets challenge,April,Beijing:China Carbon Forum.

China Coal Consumption Cap Plan and Policy Research Project (CCCCPPRP)(2014),Contributions of coal use to air pollution in China,October,Beijing:Natural Resources Defense Council China Program. Available from:nrdc.cn/coalcap/console/Public/Uploads/2014/12/30/AirPollutionContribution.pdf.

China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED) (2014),Evaluation and prospects for a green transition process in China,CCICED Task Force Report,December,Beijing. Available from:cciced. net/encciced/policyresearch/report/201504/P020150413497198320874.pdf.

China Electricity Council (CEC) (2011),Annual development report of China’s power industry,2011,Beijing:China Electricity Council.

China Electricity Council (CEC) and Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) (2012),Studies on pollution cutting in China’s power industry,Beijing:China Electricity Council.

China Securities Journal (2015),13th FYP sketches out reform roadmap,top-level design becoming clear,China Securities Journal,14 August. Available from:news.xinhuanet.com/finance/2015-08/14/c_128127689.htm.

Department of Climate Change of National Development and Reform Commission (DCCNDRC) (2015),On the basic conditions and work plan to promote the establishment of a nationwide carbon emissions trading market,China Economic & Trade Herald,(1):15-16.

Energy Information Administration (EIA) (2004),International energy outlook,2004,Washington,DC:US Energy Information Administration.

Gao,M.,Wang,Z.,Wu,Q. and Yang,Y. (2013),Natural gas pricing mechanism reform and its impacts on future energy options in China,Energy and Environment,24(7-8):1209-1228.

Graham-Harrison,E. (2009),Snap analysis:China happy with climate deal,image dented,Reuters,18 December. Available from:reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5BI0DH20091219.

International Energy Agency (IEA) (2007),World energy outlook 2007,Paris:International Energy Agency.

Legislative Affairs Office of the State Council of China (2015),A circular on call for public comments on ’Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China (draft)’,10 June,Beijing:State Council of China.

Levi,M. (2009),Assessing China’s carbon-cutting proposal,30 November,New York:Council on Foreign Relations.

Miliband,E. (2009),The road from Copenhagen,The Guardian,20 December. Available from:guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/dec/20/copenhagen-climate-change-accord.

Ministry of Finance and National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC)(2007),A circular on interim measures for fund management of financial incentives for energy-saving technical transformation,10 August,Beijing:NDRC.

Ministry of Finance and National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (2011),A circular on measures for fund management of financial incentives for energy-saving technical transformation,21 June,Beijing:NDRC.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2015),Statistical communiqué on the 2014 national economic and social development of China,26 February,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (2006),The top 1,000 enterprises energy conservation action program,NDRC Environment and Resources No. 571,7 April,Beijing:NDRC.

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (2008),China had decommissioned fossil fuel-fired small plants with a total capacity of 25.87 GW since 1 January 2006,14 July,Beijing:NDRC.

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (2009a),A circular on improving on grid feed-in tariffs for wind power,22 July,Beijing:NDRC.

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (2009b),Performance of the thousand enterprises in 2008,NDRC Proclamation No. [2009] 18,16 November,Beijing:NDRC.

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (2011a),The thousand enterprises exceeded the energy-saving target during the 11th five-year plan period,14 March,Beijing:NDRC.

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (2011b),Rapid development of energy service industry:Energy saving and pollution cutting during the 11th five-year period in retrospect,8 October,Beijing:NDRC.

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (2011c),A circular on pilot reform on natural gas pricing mechanism in Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,NDRC Price No. [2011]3033,26 December,Beijing:NDRC.

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (2012),List and energy-saving targets of the ten thousand enterprises committed to energy-saving and low-carbon activities,NDRC Proclamation No. [2012] 10,12 May,Beijing:NDRC.

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (2013a),China’s policies and actions for addressing climate change,November,Beijing:NDRC.

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (2013b),Energy conservation performance of the 10,000 enterprises,Circular No. [2013]44,25 December,Beijing:NDRC.

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (2014a),Promoting low-carbon development pilot to press forward a change in the model of economic development,14 February,Beijing:NDRC.

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (2014b),The interim administrative measures for emissions trading,10 December,Beijing:NDRC.

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (2015),Enhanced actions on climate change:China’s intended nationally determined contributions,30 June,Beijing:NDRC. Available from:www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/China/l/China,s%20INDC%20-%20on%2030%20June%202015.pdf.

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (2016),A circular on key tasks to launch a national carbon emission trading market,11 January,Beijing:NDRC. Available from:sdpc.gov.cn/gzdt/201601/t20160122_772150.html.

Pew Charitable Trusts (2011),Who’s winning the clean energy race?2010 edition:G-20 investment powering forward,March,Philadelphia:Pew Charitable Trusts. Available from:pewenvironment.org/uploadedFiles/PEG/Publications/Report/G-20Report-LOWRes-FINAL.pdf.

Price,L.,Wang,X. and Yun,J. (2010),The challenge of reducing energy consumption of the top-1000 largest industrial enterprises in China,Energy Policy,38:6485-6498.

Qiu,J. (2009),China’s climate target:Is it achievable?,Nature,462:550-551.

Schreifels,J.,Fu,Y. and Wilson,E. J. (2012),Sulfur dioxide control in China:Policy evolution during the 10th and 11th five-year plans and lessons for the future,Energy Policy,48:779-789.

Shanghai Municipal Development and Reform Commission (SMDRC) (2016),A circular on issues related to carrying forward surplus allowances in Shanghai carbon trading pilot phase,9 May,Shanghai:SMDRC. Available from:shdrc. gov.cn/xxgk/cxxxgk/23507.htm.

State Council of China (2006),The outline of the eleventh five-year plan for national economic and social development of the People’s Republic of China,China Network,16 March.

State Council of China (2010),A circular of the National Development and Reform Commission and other departments to speed up the implementation of energy management contracts to promote the energy service industry,2 April,Beijing:State Council of China.

State Council of China (2013),Atmospheric pollution prevention action plan,September,Beijing:State Council of China.

State Council of China (2014),Report on the work of the government delivered at the Second Session of the Twelfth National People’s Congress on 5 March,Beijing:State Council of China.

State Council of China (2016),The outline of the 13th five-year plan of national economic and social development of the People’s Republic of China,March,Beijing:State Council of China. Available from:219.233.30.70/cache8/97/62/78/64/5f/52/0b/7b/79/35/b9/41/c5/51/77/50/P020160318576353824805.pdf.

The Economist (2009),Climate change after Copenhagen:China’s thing about numbers,The Economist,2 January:43-44.

Tian,S. and Xu,W. (2012),On the distribution of environmental tax revenue in China,Public Finance Research,(12):18-21.

Wang,C.,Lin,J.,Cai,W. and Zhang,Z. X. (2013),Policies and practices of low carbon city development in China,Energy and Environment,24(7-8):1347-1372.

Wang,E. (2012),NDRC determined the second batch of 29 pilot low-carbon provinces and cities,21st Century Business Herald,3 December.

Wang,L. (2014),China’s coal consumption peaks at 4100 mt in 2020,Economic Information Daily,5 March. Available from:finance.chinanews.com/ny/2014/03-05/5910245.shtml.

Watts,J. (2009),China ’will honour commitments’ regardless of Copenhagen outcome,The Guardian,18 December. Available from:guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/dec/18/china-wen-jiabao-copenhagen.

White House (2014),US-China joint announcement on climate change,11 November,Washington,DC:US Government.

Williams,J. H. and Kahrl,F. (2008),Electricity reform and sustainable development in China,Environmental Research Letters,3(4):1-14.

Xu. Y.,Williams,R.H. and Socolow,R.H. (2009),China’s rapid deployment of SO2 scrubbers,Energy & Environmental Science,2(5):459-465.

Zhang,Z. X. (2000a),Can China afford to commit itself to an emissions cap?An economic and political analysis,Energy Economics,22(6):587-614.

Zhang,Z. X. (2000b),Decoupling China’s carbon emissions increases from economic growth:An economic analysis and policy implications,World Development,28(4):739-752.

Zhang,Z. X. (2003),Why did the energy intensity fall in China’s industrial sector in the 1990s?The relative importance of structural change and intensity change,Energy Economics,25(6):625-638.

Zhang,Z. X. (2007a),China is moving away from the pattern of ’develop first and then treat the pollution’,Energy Policy,35:3547-3549.

Zhang,Z. X. (2007b),China,the United States and technology cooperation on climate control,Environmental Science and Policy,10(7-8):622-628.

Zhang,Z. X. (2009),Climate commitments to 2050:A roadmap for China,East-West Dialogue No. 4,Honolulu:East-West Center. Available from:eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/dialogue004.pdf.

Zhang,Z. X. (2010a),China in the transition to a low-carbon economy,Energy Policy,38:6638-6653.

Zhang,Z. X. (2010b),Copenhagen and beyond:Reflections on China’s stance and responses,in X. Labandeira and E. Cerdá (eds),Climate change policies:Global challenges and future prospects,Cheltenham,UK:Edward Elgar.

Zhang,Z. X. (2011a),Assessing China’s carbon intensity pledge for 2020:Stringency and credibility issues and their implications,Environmental Economics and Policy Studies,13(3):219-235.

Zhang,Z. X. (2011b),Energy and environmental policy in China:Towards a low-carbon economy,New Horizons in Environmental Economics Series,Cheltenham,UK:Edward Elgar.

Zhang,Z. X. (2011c),In what format and under what timeframe would China take on climate commitments?A roadmap to 2050,International Environmental Agreements:Politics,Law and Economics,11(3):245-259.

Zhang,Z. X. (2012a),Effective environmental protection in the context of government decentralization,International Economics and Economic Policy,9(1):53-82.

Zhang,Z. X. (2012b),Who should bear the cost of China’s carbon emissions embodied in goods for exports?,Mineral Economics,24(2-3):103-117.

Zhang,Z. X. (2014a),China needs an international agreement on climate change,China Reform,(4):101-102.

Zhang,Z. X. (2014b),China’s energy and environmental issues and policy,in G. C. Chow and D. H. Perkins (eds),Routledge handbook of the Chinese economy,London and New York:Routledge.

Zhang,Z. X. (2014c),Energy prices,subsidies and resource tax reform in China,Asia and the Pacific Policy Studies,1(3):439-454.

Zhang,Z. X. (2015a),Carbon emissions trading in China:The evolution from pilots to a nationwide scheme,Climate Policy,15(S1):S104-S126.

Zhang,Z. X. (2015b),Crossing the river by feeling the stones:The case of carbon trading in China,Environmental Economics and Policy Studies,17(2):263-297.

Zhang,Z. X. (2015c),Programs,prices and policies towards energy conservation and environmental quality in China,in S. Managi (ed.),Handbook of environmental economics in Asia,London and New York:Routledge.

Zhang,Z. X. (2016),Policy plus market:’Two hands’ jointly paint green China,China Economic Report,(2):44-46.

Zhang,Z. X. and Baranzini,A. (2004),What do we know about carbon taxes?An inquiry into their impacts on competitiveness and distribution of income,Energy Policy,32(4):507-518.

Zhu,X. R. (2010),China Electricity Council released data on fossil fuel-fired power plants in 2009,China Energy News,19 July. Available from:paper. people.com.cn/zgnyb/html/2010-07/19/content_572802.htm.

Andrews-Speed,P. (2012),The governance of energy in China:Transition to a low-carbon economy,Basingstoke,UK:Palgrave Macmillan.

Baeumler,A.,Ijjasz-Vasquez,E. and Mehndiratta S. (eds) (2012),Sustainable low-carbon city development in China,Washington,DC:The World Bank.

Baghat,G. (2010),China’s energy security:Challenges and opportunities,The Journal of Social,Political,and Economic Studies,35:137-166. Available from:jspes.org/online.html.

Baron,R.,Aasrud,A.,Sinton,J.,Campbell,N.,Jiang,K. and Zhuang,X. (2012),Policy options for low-carbon power generation in China,Paris:OECD & IEA.

Bloomberg News (2016a),Crude stopped falling at $40 a barrel for Chinese consumers,Bloomberg News,18 January. Available from:bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-18/oil-prices-stopped-falling-at-40-a-barrel-for-chinese-consumers.

Bloomberg News (2016b),China puts coal production capacity on chopping block,Bloomberg News,5 February. Available from:bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-05/china-puts-l-billion-tons-of-coal-capacity-on-chopping-block.

Bloomberg News (2016c),China expects 1.8 million coal,steel layoffs on capacity cuts,Bloomberg News,29 February. Available from:bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-29/china-expects-l-8-million-coal-steel-layoffs-on-capacity-cuts.

Boren,Z. D. (2016),China’s fossil fuel emissions fall for the second year running,Energy Desk,29 February. Available from:energy desk.greenpeace.org/2016/02/29/china-coal-fall-the-sequel/.

Boyd,O. (2012),China’s energy reform and climate policy:The ideas motivating change,Centre for Climate Economics and Policy Working Paper 1205,Canberra:The Australian National University.

Boyd,R.,Stern,N. and Ward,B. (2015),What will global annual emissions of greenhouse gases be in 2030,and will they be consistent with avoiding global warming of more than 2℃?,Policy Paper,London:Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment and Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy. Available from:Ise.ac.uk/Granthamlnstitute/publication/what-will-global-annual-emissions-of-greenhouse-gases-be-in-2030-and-will-they-be-consistent-with-avoiding-global-warming-of-more-than-2c/.

Buckley,C. (2015),China burns much more coal than reported,complicating climate talks,The New York Times,3 November. Available from:nytimes. com/2015/11/04/world/asia/china-burns-much-more-coal-than-reported-complicating-climate-talks. html?_r=0.

Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CCCP) (2013),Decision on major issues concerning comprehensively deepening reforms,15 November,Beijing:CCCP. Available from:news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2013-11/15/c_l 18164235.htm. English version available from:english.people. com.cn/90785/8525422.html.

China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED) (2014),Evaluation and prospects for a green transition process in China,CCICED Task Force Report,Beijing:CCICED. Available from:cciced. net/encciced/policyresearch/report/201504/P020150413497198320874.pdf.

China Electricity Council (2015),China power industry situation and prospects,10 March,Beijing:China Electricity Council. Available from:cec.org.cn/yaowenkuaidi/2015-03-10/134972.html.

China Shenhua Energy Company Limited (2015),Third quarterly report for the year 2015,Beijing:China Shenhua Energy Company Limited. Available from:iis.quamnet.com/media/IRAnnouncement/1088/EN_US/002345329-0.PDF.

Chu,J. (2015),RE 100:China’s fast track to a renewable future,Beijing:The Climate Group. Available from:theclimategroup.org/_assets/files/RE100-China-analysis.pdf.

Coulter,T. (2015),China’s fuel demand to peak sooner than oil giants expect,Bloomberg News,1 April. Available from:bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-01/china-s-fuel-demand-to-peak-sooner-than-oil-giants-expect.

Dai,Y.,Zhou,Y.,Xia,D.,Ding,M. and Xue,L. (2014),The innovation path of the Chinese wind power industry,Bonn:German Development Institute/Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik. Available from:die-gdi.de/discussion-paper/article/the-innovation-path-of-the-chinese-wind-power-industry/.

Das,M. and N’Diaye,P. (2013),Chronicle of a decline foretold:Has China reached the Lewis turning point?,IMF Working Paper 13/26,Washington,DC:International Monetary Fund. Available from:imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2013/wpl326.pdf.

de Boer,D.,Roldao,R. and Slater,H. (2015),2015 China carbon pricing survey,Beijing:China Carbon Forum. Available from:chinacarbon.info/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/2015-China-Carbon-Pricing-Survey-EN.pdf.

Energy Information Administration (EIA) (2015),Recent statistical revisions suggest higher historical coal consumption in China,Washington,DC:Energy Information Administration. Available from:eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=22952.

Energy Research Institute (ERI) (2015),China 2050 high renewable energy penetration scenario and roadmap study:Executive summary,April,Beijing:National Development and Reform Commission. Available from:efchina.org/Attachments/Report/report-20150420/China-2050-High-Renewable-Energy-Penetration-Scenario-and-Roadmap-Study-Executive-Summary.pdf.

Gambhir,A.,Tse,L. K. C.,Tong,D. and Martinez-Botas,R. (2015),Reducing China’s road transport sector CO2 emissions to 2050:Technologies,costs and decomposition analysis,Applied Energy,157:905-917. doi:10.1016/j. apenergy.2015.01.018.

Garnaut,R. (2014),China’s role in global climate change mitigation,China and World Economy,22(5):2-18. doi:10.1111/j.l749-124X.2014.12081.x.

Garnaut,R. and Song,L. (2006),The turning point in China’s economic development,Canberra:ANU E Press/Asia Pacific Press.

Garnaut,R.,Song,L. and Cai,F. (2013),China’s new strategy for long-term growth and development,in L. Song,R. Garnaut and F. Cai (eds),China:A new model for growth and development,pp. 1-16,Canberra:ANU E Press.

Garnaut,R.,Song,L. and Cai,F. (2014),Reform and China’s long-term growth and development,in L. Song,R. Garnaut and F. Cai (eds),Deepening reform for China’s long-term growth and development,pp. 3-26,Canberra:ANU Press.

Global Commission on the Economy and Climate (2014),China and the new climate economy:China case study—Executive summary,Beijing:Tsinghua University. Available from:newclimateeconomy.net/sites/default/files/china-nce-exec-summary-eng_reduced_l.pdf.

Green,F. & Stern,N. (forthcoming),A new development model for China:Turning points for growth,urbanisation and environment,Policy Paper,London:Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment and Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy.

Green,F. and Stern,N. (2014),An innovative and sustainable growth path for China:A critical decade,Policy Paper,London:Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment and Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy. Available from:Ise.ac.uk/Granthamlnstitute/publication/an-innovative-and-sustainable-growth-path-for-china-a-critical-decade/.

Green,F. and Stern,N. (2015),China’s ’new normal’:Structural change,better growth,and peak emissions,Policy Brief,London:Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment and Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy. Available from:Ise.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/China_new_normal_webl.pdf.

Green F. and Stern,N. (2016),China’s changing economy:Implications for its carbon dioxide emissions,Climate Policy,16 March. Available from:tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14693062.2016.1156515.

Grubb,M.,Sha,F.,Spencer,T.,Hughes,N.,Zhang,Z. and Agnolucci,P.(2015),A review of Chinese CO2 emission projections to 2030:The role of economic structure and policy,Climate Policy,15(S1):S7-S39. doi:10.1080/14693062.2015.1101307.

Guan,D.,Klasen,S.,Hubacek,K.,Feng,K.,Liu,Z.,He,K.,Geng,Y. and Zhang,Q. (2014),Determinants of stagnating carbon intensity in China,Nature Climate Change,4(11):1017-1023. Available from:doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2388.

Hove,A.,Enoe,M. and Gordon,K. (2015),China’s next opportunity:Sustainable economic transition,Beijing:Paulson Institute.

Hu,A. (2015),Embracing China’s ’new normal’:Why the economy is still on track,Foreign Affairs,94(3):8-12. Available from:foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2015-04-20/embracing-chinas-new-normal.

Huang,Y. and Cai,F. (2014),Debating the Lewisian turning point in China,London:Routledge.

International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2015),People’s Republic of China:Staff report for the 2015 Article IV consultation,Washington,DC:International Monetary Fund. Available from:imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2015/crl5234.pdf.

Jiang,K. (2014),China’s CO2 emission scenario toward 2 degree global target,Presentation to Victoria University Conference on Abrupt Change in China’s Energy Path:Implications for China,Australia and the Global Climate,Melbourne,26 June. Available from:vu.edu.au/sites/default/files/cses/pdfs/Kejun_2014_China’s_CO2_emission_scenario.pdf.

Jiang,X. (2013),The rise of carbon emissions trading in China:A panacea for climate change?,Climate and Development,6(2):111-121.

Johansson,ā.,Guillemette,Y.,Murtin,F.,Turner,D.,Nicoletti,G.,de la Maisonneuve,C.,Bagnoli,P.,Bousquet,G. and Spinelli,F. (2013),Long-term growth scenarios,Economics Department Working Papers No. 1000,Paris:Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Available from:search.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=ECO/WICP(2012)77&docLanguage=En.

Jotzo,F. and L?schel,A. (2014),Emissions trading in China:Emerging experiences and international lessons,Energy Policy,75:3-8.

King,E. (2016),China will ’far surpass’ 2020 climate target,says top envoy,Climate Home,24 February. Available from:climatechangenews.com/2016/02/24/china-will-far-surpass-2020-climate-target-says-top-envoy/.

Kong,B. and Freeman,C. (2013),Making sense of carbon market development in China,Carbon & Climate Law Review,7(3):194-212.

Kuijs,L. (2015),Plan aims to balance growth with reform,China Daily [USA],4 November. Available from:usa.chinadaily.com.cn/.

Lewis,A. (1954),Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour,The Manchester School,22:139-191.

Lewis,J. (2011),Energy and climate goals of China’s 12th Five-Year Plan. Arlington,Va.:Pew Centre on Global Climate Change. Available from:c2es. org/docUploads/energy-climate-goals-china-twelfth-five-year-plan.pdf.

Li,H.,Zhao,X.,Ma,L. and Qi,Y. (2013),Policy implementation:Energy conservation target responsibility system,in Y. Qi (ed.),Annual review of low-carbon development in China,pp. 78-150,Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press.

Lo,A. Y. (2013),Carbon trading in a socialist market economy:Can China make a difference?,Ecological Economics,87:72-74.

Lo,A. Y. (2015),Challenges to the development of carbon markets in China,Climate Policy,16(1):109-124.

Lo,A. Y. and Howes,M. (2014),Powered by the state or finance?The organization of China’s carbon markets,Eurasian Geography and Economics,54(4):386-408.

Mai,Y. and Feng,S. (2013),Increasing China’s coal-fired power generation efficiency:The impact on carbon intensity and the broader Chinese economy to 2020,Paper presented to State Information Centre and National Development and Reform Commission Workshop,Beijing.

Mathews,J. and Tan,H. (2014),Manufacture renewables to build energy security,Nature,513:166-168.

Myllyvirta,L.,Shen,X. and Lammi,H. (2015),Is China doubling down on its coal power bubble?,Beijing:Greenpeace East Asia. Available from:greenpeace. org/eastasia/publications/reports/climate-energy/climate-energy-2015/doubling-down/.

Nahm,J. and Steinfeld,E. S. (2014),Scale-up nation:China’s specialization in innovative manufacturing,World Development,54:288-300. Available from:doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.09.003.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2015a),China Statistical Yearbook 2015,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2015b),Statistical communiqué of the People’s Republic of China on the 2014 national economic and social development,Beijing:National Bureau of Statistics. Available from:stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/201502/t20150228_687439.html.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2016),Statistical communiqué of the People’s Republic of China on the 2015 national economic and social development,Beijing:National Bureau of Statistics. Available from:stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/201602/t20160229_1324019.html.

Ng,S.,Mabey,N. and Gaventa,J. (2016),Pulling ahead on clean technology:China’s 13th Five Year Plan challenges Europe’s low carbon competitiveness,Briefing Paper,London:E3G. Available from:e3g.org/docs/E3G_Report_on_Chinas_13th_5_Year_Plan.pdf.

Olson,B. and Spegele,B. (2016),China slowdown stokes fears of peak oil demand,The Wall Street Journal,25 January. Available from:wsj.com/articles/china-slowdown-stokes-fears-on-peak-oil-demand-1453736237.

People’s Bank of China (PBC) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2015),Establishing China’s green financial system,Final Report of the Green Finance Task Force,April,Nairobi:UNEP. Available from:unep. org/inquiry/PBC/tabid/1060068/Default.aspx.

People’s Republic of China (PRC) (2015),Enhanced actions on climate change:China’s intended nationally determined contributions,New York:UNFCCC. Available from:www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/China/l/China,s%20INDC%20-%20on%2030%20June%202015.pdf.

Pettis,M. (2013),Avoiding the fall:China’s economic restructuring,Washington,DC:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Plumer,B. (2016),The real war on coal is happening in China right now,Vox,6 March. Available from:vox.com/2016/3/6/11168914/china-peak-coal.

Pritchett,L. and Summers,L. H. (2014),Asiaphoria meets regression to the mean,NBER Working Paper No. 20573,Cambridge,Mass.:National Bureau of Economic Research. Available from:nber.org/papers/w20573.

Reed,S. (2015),China raises its targets for renewable energy,The New York Times,8 December. Available from:nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/climate/2015-paris-climate-talks/china-raises-its-targets-for-renewable-energy.

Reklev,S. (2016a),China sets 18% carbon intensity reduction target by 2020,Carbon Pulse,5 March. Available from:carbon-pulse.com/16618/.

Reklev,S. (2016b),China national ETS launch likely in second half of 2017,Carbon Pulse,15 March. Available from:carbon-pulse.com/17057/.

Schafer,A. (2005),Structural change in energy use,Energy Policy,33:429-437.

Sheehan,P.,Cheng,E.,English,A. and Sun,F. (2014),China’s response to the air pollution shock,Nature Climate Change,4(5):306-309. Available from:doi. org/10.1038/nclimate2197.

Shen,W. (2014),Chinese business at the dawn of its domestic emissions trading scheme:Incentives and barriers to participation in carbon trading,Climate Policy,15(3):339-354.

Shen,Y. (2013),Moving steadily or great leap forward?The emerging carbon market in China,Deakin Law Review,18(2):233-270.

Song,R.,Dong,W.,Zhu,J.,Zhao,X. and Wang,Y. (2015),Assessing implementation of China’s climate policies in the 12th 5-year period,September,Working Paper,Washington,DC:World Resources Institute.

Spencer,T. (2016),Chinese coal?What does it mean for the Paris Agreement?,IDDRI Blog,12 February,Paris:Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations. Available from:blog-iddri.org/en/2016/02/12/chinese-coal-what-does-it-mean-for-the-paris-agreement/.

State Council of the People’s Republic of China (State Council) (2007),Implementation plan for the performance evaluation system of energy consumption per unit of GDP,Beijing:State Council of the People’s Republic of China.

State Council of the People’s Republic of China (State Council) (2013),Air pollution prevention and control plan,Beijing:State Council of the People’s Republic of China.

Stern,N. (2011),Raising consumption,maintaining growth and reducing emissions:The objectives and challenges of China’s radical change in strategy and its implications for the world economy,World Economics,12(4):13-34.

Teng,F.,Xin W. and Lv,Z. (2014),Introducing the emissions trading system to China’s electricity sector:Challenges and opportunities,Energy Policy:1-7.

The Economist (2014),Generational shift,The Economist,25 October. Available from:economist.com/news/china/21627626-china-developing-clean-sources-energy-problem-getting-them-used-generational-shift.

Wang,Z.,Qin,H. and Lewis,J. (2012),China’s wind power industry:Policy support,technological achievements,and emerging challenges,Energy Policy,51:80-88.

Wilson,R. (2015),Peak coal in China?Not so fast,Carbon Counter Blog,27 February. Available from:carboncounter.wordpress.com/2015/02/27/peak-coal-in-china-not-so-fast/.

Wolf,M. (2015),Why worries about China make sense,Financial Times,25 August. Available from:ft.com/cms/s/0/edd707ba-4a56-l Ie5-9b5d-89a026fda5c9. html??ftcamp=crm/email//nbe/FirstFTEurope/product#axzz3jgMhxWRg.

World Bank (2016),GDP growth (annual %),Washington,DC:The World Bank. Available from:data. worldbank. org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG.

World Bank and Development Research Centre of the State Council,People’s Republic of China (DRC) (2014),Urban China:Toward efficient,inclusive,and sustainable urbanization,Washington,DC:The World Bank.

World Nuclear Association (2016),Nuclear power in China,London:World Nuclear Association. Available from:world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/china-nuclear-power.aspx.

Wynn,G. (2015),China’s carbon emissions:Did they really fall in 2014?,Responding to Climate Change,16 February. Available from:rtcc.org/2015/02/16/chinas-carbon-emissions-did-they-really-fall-in-2014/#sthash.eIHJOsEd.dpuf.

Xinhua (2015),’Made in China 2025’ plan unveiled,Xinhua,19 May. Available from:chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2015-05/19/content_20760528.htm.

Xu,X.,Zhao,T.,Liu,N. and Kang,J. (2014),Changes of energy-related GHG emissions in China:An empirical analysis from sectoral perspective,Applied Energy,132:298-307. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.07.025.

Yu,X. and Lo,A. Y. (2015),Carbon finance and the carbon market in China,Nature Publishing Group,5(1):15-16.

Zhang,D.,Karplus,V. J.,Cassisa,C. and Zhang,X. (2014),Emissions trading in China:Progress and prospects,Energy Policy,75:9-16.

Zhang,G. (2014),Comprehensively deepen reforms to promote sustainable and healthy development of the economy and society,Speech at the 15th China Development Forum,Beijing,23 March. Available from:cpc.people.com. cn/n/2014/0324/c64094-24714056.html.

Zhang,S.,Andrews-Speed,P. and Ji,M. (2014),The erratic path of the low-carbon transition in China:Evolution of solar PV policy,Energy Policy,67:903-12.

Zhang,Z. (2015),Carbon emissions trading in China:The evolution from pilots to a nationwide scheme,Climate Policy,15(S1):S104-S126.

Zhao,X. and Ortolano,L. (2010),Implementing China’s national energy conservation policies at state-owned electric power generation plants,Energy Policy,38(10):6293-6306.

Zhao,X.,Li,H. and Wu,L. (2015),Enterprise-level energy savings targets in China:Compliance,weaknesses,and the way forward,Unpublished ms.

Adamowicz,W.,Louviere,J. and Williams,M. (1994),Combining revealed and stated preference methods for valuing environmental amenities,Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,26(3):271-292.

Aragón-Correa,J.,Hurtado-Torres,N.,Sharma,S. and Garía-Morales,V. J.(2008),Environmental strategy and performance in small firms:A resource-based perspective,Journal of Environmental Management,86(1):88-103.

Baumol,W. J. and Sidak,J. G. (1994),Toward competition in local telephony,Cambridge,Mass.:The MIT Press.

Blind,K. (2012),The influence of regulations on innovation:A quantitative assessment for OECD countries,Research Policy,41(2):319-400.

BP (2015),Statistical review of world energy,London:BP.

Brian,S. (1995),Firm-level responses to government regulation:Theoretical and research approaches,Journal of Management,21(3):495-514.

Carlsson,F. and Martinsson,P. (2001),Do hypothetical and actual marginal willingness to pay differ in choice experiments:Application to the valuation of the environment,Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,41(2):179-192.

China Electricity Council (2014),Electric power industry statistics compiled,Beijing:China Electricity Council.

China Electric Power Construction Enterprise Association (2014),Electric power construction industry annual report 2013,Beijing:China Electric Power Construction Enterprise Association.

China Huadian Group Corporation (2008),Labour force quota for new thermal power plants,Beijing:China Huadian Group Corporation.

China New Energy Chamber of Commerce (2015),Proceedings of the 9th China New Energy International Forum,Beijing,15-16 April. Available from:docin. com/p-1467494284.html.

China Renewable Energy Society (2015),Global new energy development report,Beijing:China Renewable Energy Society.

Declercq,B.,Delame,E. and William,D. (2011),Impact of the economic recession on the European power sector’s CO2 emissions,Energy Policy,39(3):1677-1686.

Downing,P. B. and White,L. J. (1986),Innovation in pollution control,Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,13(1):18-29.

Energy Information Administration (EIA) (2014),Electric Power Annual. Available from:www.eia.gov/electricity/annual/.

European Commission (1995),Externalities of energy,6.01.0.10/66 (KOSTEN),Brussels:European Commission.

Georgakellos,D. A. (2010),Impact of a possible environmental externalities internalisation on energy prices:The case of the greenhouse gases from the Greek electricity sector,Energy Economics,32(1):202-209.

Greene,D. L.,Patterson,P. D.,Singh,M. and Li,J. (2005),Feebates,rebates and gas-guzzler taxes:A study of incentives for increased fuel economy,Energy Policy,33(6):757-775.

Hanemann,W. M. (1983),Marginal welfare measures for discrete choice models,Economics Letters,13:129-136.

Hanemann,W. M. (1984),Welfare evaluations in contingent valuation experiments with discrete response,American Journal of Agricultural Economics,66:332-341.

Hanley,N.,Mourato,S. and Wright,R. E. (2002),Choice modelling approaches:A superior alternative for environmental valuation?,OECD Economic Surveys,15(3):435-462. doi:10.1111/1467-6419.00145.

Hitchens,D.,Clausen,J.,Trainor,M.,Keil,M. and Thankapan,S. (2003),Competitiveness,environmental performance and management of SMEs,Greener Management International,44:45-57.

Huang,S. Zh. (2009),Review and forecast of Chinese electricity price reform. Journal of Price Theory and Practice,5:11-14.

International Energy Agency (IEA) (2014),CO2 emissions from fuel combustion,Paris:IEA.

Joskow,P. L. (1991),The role of transaction cost economics in antitrust and public utility regulatory policies,Journal of Law Economics and Organization,7:53-83.

Joskow,P. and Schmalensee,R. (1987),The performance of coal-burning electric generating units in the United States:1960-1980,Journal of Applied Economics,2(2):85-109.

Kaiser,H. F. (1974),An index of factorial simplicity,Psychometrika,39(1):31-36.

Krinsky,I. and Robb,A. L. (1986),On approximating the statistical properties of elasticities,Review of Economics & Statistics,68(4):715-719.

Ku,S.-J. and Yoo,S.-H. (2010),Willingness to pay for renewable energy investment in Korea:A choice experiment study,Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews,14(8):2196-2201.

Lee,J.-S. and Yoo,S.-H. (2009),Measuring the environmental costs of tidal power plant construction:A choice experiment study,Energy Policy,37:5069-5074.

Li,B. and Dorian,J. (1995),Change in Chinese power sector,Energy Policy,23(7):619-626.

Li,J. and Colombier,M. (2011),Economic instruments for mitigating carbon emissions:Scaling up carbon finance in China’s building sector,Climate Change,107:567-591.

Likert,R. (1932),A technique for the measurement of attitudes,Archives of Psychology,140:5-53.

Lim,S. Y.,Lim,K. M. and Yoo,S.-H. (2014),External benefits of waste-to-energy in Korea:A choice experiment study,Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews,34:588-595.

Liu,Y. (2009),Investigating external environmental pressure on firms and their behavior in Yangtze River Delta of China,Journal of Cleaner Production,17(16):1480-1486.

Ma,C. B. and He,L. (2008),From state monopoly to renewable portfolio:Restructuring China’s electric utility,Energy Policy,36:1697-1711.

Magat,W. A. (1979),The effects of environmental regulation on innovation,Law and Contemporary Problems,43(1):4-25.

Mahapatra,D.,Shukla,P. and Dhar,S. (2012),External cost of coal based electricity generation:A tale of Ahmedabad city,Energy Policy,49:253-265.

McFadden,D. (1973),Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior,in P. Zarembka (ed.),Frontiers in Econometrics,105-142,New York:Academic Press.

McFadden,D. (1986),The choice theory approach to market research,Marketing Science,5(4):275-297. Milliman,S. R. and Prince,R. (1989),Firm incentives to promote technological change in pollution control,Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,17(3):247-265.

Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) (1998-2014 [yearly issues]),Annual statistic report on environment in China,Beijing:MEP. Available from:mep. gov.cn/zwgk/hjtj/.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (1978-2014 [yearly issues]),China statistical yearbook,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (1998-2014a [yearly issues]),China energy statistical yearbook,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (1998-2014b [yearly issues]),China statistical yearbook on environment,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Energy Administration of China (NEA) (2015),Statistics of China’s electric power consumption 2015,Beijing:National Energy Administration of China. Available from:power.in-en.com/html/power.

National Health and Family Planning Commission (2014),China family development report 2014,Beijing:China Population Publishing House. Available from:rkcbs.net/Web/c_0000000100020002/d_0260.htm.

Oaster,T. R. F. (1989),Number of alternatives per choice point and stability of Likert type scales,Perceptual and Motor Skills,68:549-550.

Ou,X.,Xiliang,Z.,Shiyan,C. and Qingfang,G. (2009),Energy consumption and GHG emissions of six biofuel pathways by LCA in People’s Republic of China,Applied Energy,86(1):S197-208.

Ren,J. (2002),Price regulation of China’s public utility,January,Beijing:Economic and Management Press.

Shrestha,R. K. and Alavalapati,J. R. R. (2004),Valuing environmental benefits of silvopasture practice:A case study of the Lake Okeechobee watershed in Florida,Ecological Economics,49(3):349-359.

SPC (1998),Labour force quota for thermal power plants,Beijing:State Power Corporation.

Susaeta,A.,Lai,P.,Alavalapati,J. and Mercer,E. (2011),Random preferences towards bioenergy environmental externalities:A case study of woody biomass based electricity in the southern United States,Energy Economics,33:1111-1118.

Testa,F.,Iraldo,R and Frey,M. (2011),The effect of environmental regulation on firms’ competitive performance:The case of the building and construction sector in some EU regions,Journal of Environmental Management,92(9):2136-2144.

Train,K. (2009),Discrete choice methods with simulation,2nd edn,New York:Cambridge University Press.

US Energy Information Administration (EIA) (1998-2014,[yearly issues]),Electric power annual,Washington,DC:EIA. Available from:eia.gov/electricity/annual/.

van der Kroon,B.,Brouwer,R. and van Beukering,P. J. H. (2014),The impact of the household decision environment on fuel choice behavior,Energy Economics,44:236-247.

Walley,N. and Whitehead,B. (1994),It’s not easy being green,Harvard Business Review,72(3):46-52.

Wang,Z. X.,Pan,L.,Yang,F. and Liu,J. (2012),Thinking on the achievements and problems of energy conservation and emissions reduction for the power industry in China during the 11th Five-Year Plan,[in Chinese],Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2(2):81-89.

Yang,Z. H.,Ju,M. T.,Zhou,Y. P. and Wang,Q. (2011),Clean development mechanism and construction of carbon trading market in China,[in Chinese],China Population,Resources and Environment,21(8):118-123.

Zhao,X. L.,Ma,Q. and Yang,R. (2013),Factors influencing CO2 emissions in China’s power industry:Co-integration analysis,Energy Policy,57:89-98.

Zhao,X.,Yin,H. and Zhao,Y. (2015),Impact of environmental regulations on the efficiency and CO2 emissions of power plants in China,Applied Energy,149:238-247.

Au,C. C. and Henderson,J. V. (2006),Are Chinese cities too small?,The Review of Economic Studies,73(3):549-576.

Auffhammer,M. and Carson,R. T. (2008),Forecasting the path of China’s CO2 emissions using province level information,Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,55(3):229-247.

Bai,C.-E.,Du,Y.,Tao,Z. and Tong,S. (2004),Local protectionism and regional specialization:Evidence from China’s industries,Journal of International Economics,63(2):397-417.

Borck,R. and Pflüger,M. (2013),Green cities?Urbanization,trade and the environment,Annual conference 2013 (Duesseldorf):Competition policy and regulation in a global economic order,No. 79763,Heidelberg:German Economic Association.

Brownstone,D. and Golob,T. F. (2009),The impact of residential density on vehicle usage and energy consumption,Journal of Urban Economics,65(1):91-98.

Chen,H.,Jia,B. and Lau,S. S. Y. (2008),Sustainable urban form for Chinese compact cities:Challenges of a rapidly urbanized economy,Habitat International,32(1):28-40.

Cirilli,A. and Veneri,P. (2014),Spatial structure and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions due to commuting:An analysis of Italian urban areas,Regional Studies,48(12):1993-2005.

Dhakal,S. (2009),Urban energy use and carbon emissions from cities in China and policy implications,Energy Policy,37(11):4208-4219.

Du,L.,Wei,C. and Cai,S. (2012),Economic development and carbon dioxide emissions in China:Provincial panel data analysis,China Economic Review,23(2):371-384.

Gaigne,C.,Riou,S. and Thisse,J. F. (2012),Are compact cities environmentally friendly?,Journal of Urban Economics,72(2):123-136.

Glaeser,E. L. and Kahn,M. E. (2010),The greenness of cities:Carbon dioxide emissions and urban development,Journal of Urban Economics,67(3):404-418.

Halicioglu,F. (2009),An econometric study of CO2 emissions,energy consumption,income and foreign trade in Turkey,Energy Policy,37(3):1156-1164.

Hilber,C. A. and Palmer,C. (2014),Urban development and air pollution:Evidence from a global panel of cities,Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment Working Paper,London:London School of Economics and Political Science.

Holden,E. and Norland,I. T. (2005),Three challenges for the compact city as a sustainable urban form:Household consumption of energy and transport in eight residential areas in the greater Oslo region,Urban Studies,42(12):2145-2166.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2006),2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories,Geneva:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Available from:ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/.

Jenks,M. and Burgess,R. (eds) (2000),Compact cities:Sustainable urban forms for developing countries,Abingdon,UK:Taylor & Francis.

Kellenberg,D. K. (2009),An empirical investigation of the pollution haven effect with strategic environment and trade policy,Journal of International Economics,78(2):242-255.

Larson,W.,Liu,F. and Yezer,A. (2012),Energy footprint of the city:Effects of urban land use and transportation policies,Journal of Urban Economics,72(2):147-159.

Larson,W. D. and Yezer,A. M. (2014),The energy implications of city size and density,Journal of Urban Economics,90(November):35-49.

Lee,S. and Lee,B. (2014),The influence of urban form on GHG emissions in the US household sector,Energy Policy,68:534-549.

Li,H.,Lu,Y.,Zhang,J. and Wang,T. (2013),Trends in road freight transportation carbon dioxide emissions and policies in China,Energy Policy,57:99-106.

Lin,B. and Sun,C. (2010),Evaluating carbon dioxide emissions in international trade of China,Energy Policy,38(1):613-621.

Liu,Y.,Song,Y. and Song,X. (2014),An empirical study on the relationship between urban compactness and CO2 efficiency in China,Habitat International,41:92-98.

Lu,J. and Tao,Z. (2009),Trends and determinants of China’s industrial agglomeration,Journal of Urban Economics,65(2):167-180.

Muniz,I. and Galindo,A. (2005),Urban form and the ecological footprint of commuting:The case of Barcelona,Ecological Economics,55(4):499-514.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2008-12a),China city statistical yearbook,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2008-12b),China energy statistical yearbook,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2008-12c),China statistical yearbook,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2008-12d),China statistical yearbook for regional economy,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2008-12e),China urban construction statistical yearbook,Beijing:China Statistics Press.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2008),Highlights of the international transport forum 2008:Transport and energy,Paris:OECD.

Poncet,S. (2005),A fragmented China:Measure and determinants of Chinese domestic market disintegration,Review of International Economics,13(3):409-430.

Qin,B. and Wu,J. (2015),Does urban concentration mitigate CO2 emissions?Evidence from China 1998-2008,China Economic Review,35:220-231.

Ren,S.,Yuan,B.,Ma,X. and Chen,X. (2014),International trade,FDI (foreign direct investment) and embodied CO2 emissions:A case study of China’s industrial sectors,China Economic Review,28:123-134.

Sarzynski,A. (2012),Bigger is not always better:A comparative analysis of cities and their air pollution impact,Urban Studies,49(14):3121-3138.

Stern,D. I. (2014),The environmental Kuznets curve:A primer,Canberra:Centre for Climate Economics & Policy,Crawford School of Public Policy,The Australian National University.

Zheng,S.,Wang,R.,Glaeser,E. L. and Kahn,M. E. (2011),The greenness of China:Household carbon dioxide emissions and urban development,Journal of Economic Geography,11(5):761-792.